Subjects' Recent Life Changes and Coronary Heart Disease in Finland

Rahe, Richard H.; Bennett, Linda; Romo, Matti; Siltanen, P; Arthur, Ransom J.

doi:10.1176/ajp.130.11.1222

Cited by 95 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Significant and positive correlations (r values usually 0.1 to 0.3) have been reported between this measure and bodily symptoms: illnesses of all types (27)(28)(29)(30), severity of myocardial infarctions (28,(31)(32)(33)(34), coronary heart disease (35)(36)(37), the occurrence of depressive types of psychiatric illness (25,26,(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43), and other symptoms of psychiatric illness (44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55). These studies were ably summarized at the two conferences mentioned earlier (1,2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Life Event Questionnaires for Measuring Presumptive Stress

Horowitz

Schaefer

Hiroto

et al. 1977

Psychosomatic Medicine

212

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Cumulative stress from the impact of life events has become an important variable in psychosomatic and psychological research. This article provides both short and long life events questionnaires that add to incidence information the remoteness or recency in time of a given experience. In the weight assignment system that leads to a single presumptive stress score, events remote in time have less influence than recent events. The reliability of weight assignment was checked in subject groups that differed by sex, age, and status. Women weighted life events as more stressful than did men; other differences in groups were less important. In spite of the sex differential, review of these data suggests use of the same weight assignments for all subgroups rather than differential weighting by sex and age. Reliability was also checked by test and retest methods: in contrast to common sense expectation, a disappointingly low level of reliability was found. The implications for investigative use of life events questionnaires are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Life Event Questionnaires for Measuring Presumptive Stress

Horowitz

Schaefer

Hiroto

et al. 1977

Psychosomatic Medicine

212

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“…Most studies have been of the Framingham-type, in which job demands and control have simply been added to the list of individual risk factors. An optimal design of a job strain-CVD study would take into consideration the following: (i) a number of carefully chosen homogeneous job groups (4)(5)(6)(7)(8) would probably be sufficient) should be selected for the study, and these groups should have very different "exposures" (job demands, skill discretion, and decision authority); (ii) each of these homogeneous groups should have sufficient size to enable the researcher to study the effect of perceived versus objective exposures; (iii) the work conditions of each of the job groups in the study base should be measured using different methods (observations, questionnaires, expert ratings, already existing data, etc); (iv) the groups should be followed for a sufficient number of years in order to study the incidence of CVD and other end points; (v) the individual risk factors should be measured at the beginning for all subjects in order to study confounding and possible mechanisms; (vi) if feasible, intervention ("natural" or planned in connection with the study) could be part of the design.…”

Section: Cardiovascular and Occupational I?pidi?19?io/oflymentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges for research and prevention in relation to work and cardiovascular diseases

Kristensen

1999

Scand J Work Environ Health

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“…Death of a spouse dramatically increases the risk of death of the surviving partner (Rees and Lutkins, 1967). We have all heard the statement that he/she died of a broken heart or of marital strife or job insecurity (Rahe et al, 1973). A salient characteristic of people who live to 100 years of age is a positive and optimistic view of life (Rozanski and Kubzansky, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Electrocardiogram – Waves and Intervals

Skinner¹,

Weiss²,

Lundy³

2012

Advances in Electrocardiograms - Methods and Analysis

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To understand the Electrocardiogram, one must understand both the origin of the waves (PQRST) and intervals between them (PQRST to PQRST or R-R). The waves are intrinsically generated within the heart, with some regulation by the cardiac nerves, but the intervals are extrinsically controlled primarily by the brain, through projections to both the auricular pacemakers and the ventricular tissues. That is, the intervals are regulated by the brain, as mediated through the autonomic effectors. To understand the R-R interval variations, one must understand the neural mechanism(s) that underlie changes in the T to P segments, which are lengthened and shortened in time to create the R-R variation. The Society for Neuroscience does not pay substantive attention to Cardiology, and the various societies of Cardiology do not pay much attention to Neuroscience. This two-way neglect has forced the formation of a new society devoted to both fields of inquiry. The Society for Heart-Brain Medicine was formed in 2007, and the plenary talks that established the field on its own foundation included two by the current authors (Skinner, 2007a;2007b). A paradigm is a way of thinking, and a new one is a way of "thinking outside the box." Two new paradigms were presented by us at the first SHBM Meeting and each was based on pivotal new discoveries. First, we showed that only nonlinear algorithms are appropriate for analysis of physiological data, because the data themselves are nonlinear---a nonlinear algorithm is thus a more sensitive measure of the heartbeat dynamics (e.g., of R-R variability) than all previous stochastic measures, such as the, mean, standard deviation, power spectrum, and so on. Secondly, small proteins and peptides are known to regulate physiology in parallel with the nervous system---that is, the "state" (behavioral / neural) determines the outputs of these two types of physiological effectors. Hibernation, for example, in which the cold eventually shuts off the nervous system, continues to be regulated by neuroendocrine molecules, some of which were indicated in a similar state (REM sleep) to have salutary effects on the ischemic heart (suppression of arrhythmogenesis in the electrocardiogram). This analogy between the similar states enabled conventional proteomics to be used in the other state (e.g., in hibernation) and thus formed the basis for a new way to discover drugs, "state-dependent proteomics." With the method a new (antiinfarction) drug candidate was actually discovered (Skinner, 2007a). The realization that the heartbeat intervals in the electrocardiogram are primarily regulated by the brain provides us with an entirely new way to look at the electrocardiogram -the intervals are not intrinsically regulated by currents and pacemakers within the heart, as are the waves, but rather are under extrinsic control by the brain, mediated of course through the autonomic www.intechopen.com Advances in Electrocardiograms -Methods and Analysis

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Subjects' Recent Life Changes and Coronary Heart Disease in Finland

Cited by 95 publications

References 10 publications

Life Event Questionnaires for Measuring Presumptive Stress

Life Event Questionnaires for Measuring Presumptive Stress

Challenges for research and prevention in relation to work and cardiovascular diseases

The Electrocardiogram – Waves and Intervals

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