Submersion Sensor with Side-Polished Fiber and Planar Waveguide in Manhole

Abstract

Over the past five years two teams have used type Ia supernovae to trace the expansion of the universe to a look-back time more than 70% of the age of the universe. These observations show an accelerating universe which is best explained by a cosmological constant, or other form of dark energy with an equation of state near w = p/ρ = −1. There are many possible lurking systematic effects. However, while difficult to completely eliminate, none of these appears large enough to challenge current results. However, as future experiments attempt to better characterize the equation of state of the matter leading to the observed acceleration, these systematic effects will ultimately limit progress.PACS numbers: 9575D, 9575W, 9585K, 9760B, 9880E

Remote Monitoring of Abrupt Overflowing in Common Utility Duct Using Reflective Side-Polished Optical Fiber Submersion Sensor

“…To monitor the submersion, various water sensors have been developed using optical fiber bending [1], hydrogel fiber [2,3] and side-polished fibers [4][5][6]. The sensors based on the fiber bending and hydrogel fiber use swelling materials.…”

“…However, it takes time for the swelling materials to absorb water, so real-time monitoring is difficult and it is also difficult to reuse the swelling materials. Recently, several submersion sensors have been developed using side-polished optical fibers [4][5][6], which have the advantages of an immediate response, high recurrence, low insertion loss, mechanical stability, and simple fabrication process. Transmission-type [4][5] and reflective-type [6] side-polished optical fiber submersion sensors were developed.…”

Surface Degradation of GaN after Thermal Processes

“…Thermal processes have been used as alloying ohmic contacts and a post-annealing method. We have already reported highvoltage GaN devices including high-electron-mobility transistors [2] and Schottky barrier diodes [3] using thermal processes. However, the effects of thermal processes on surface have not yet been clarified.…”