Substrate Integrated Waveguide - Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Future Wireless Communication

Chemweno, Emmanuel K.; Kumar, Pradeep; Afullo, Thomas J.

doi:10.23919/saiee.2022.9853021

Cited by 14 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Network infrastructure and services in densely populated urban cities are made sustainably smart (especially the antenna design) to make the environment more friendly, inhabitable, and safe [22], [23]. In the literature, several works such as [24]- [29] have considered 5G networks' QoS from a resource allocation perspective, but did not address RF-EMF radiation.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure assessment, analysis, computation, and minimization technique in 5G networks: A perspective on QoS trade-offs

Ajibare,

Oladejo,

Ekwe

et al. 2023

SAIEE Afr. Res. J.

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In this study, the specific absorption rate (SAR) and exposure index (EI) of access points (APs) and user equipment (UEs) in fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) wireless technologies are examined with regard to the effects of exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) radiation and the implications of their reduction. We characterize the EI using a classical mathematical method while considering the power density, the SAR, the electric field strength, and the tissue's density and conductivity. As such, a novel exposure-index open-loop power control algorithm is proposed to evaluate the realistic RF-EMF radiation exposure on human users from both the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) communication devices. To solve an EI minimization problem using the open-loop power control algorithm, we formulate it in the form of a mixedinteger nonlinear programming (MINLP) problem. As the energy capacity (i.e., power density) in wireless networks determines the radiation exposure (SAR and EI), it minimizes the EI by controlling and managing the transmitted and received powers under the restrictions of Quality of Service (QoS), interference, and power, while ensuring the users' QoS requirements are met. Our proposed scheme is numerically compared to other heuristic algorithms and exposure limits established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and other similar organizations. Lastly, we compare the emissions from 4G and 5G networks to the emissions from UL and DL transmissions. Our simulation findings indicate that our proposed technique is a good alternative. Our assessment, in terms of numerical results and evaluation, also verifies that the exposures are bearable, fall within the recommended limits, and are minimized without impairing the users' QoS.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure assessment, analysis, computation, and minimization technique in 5G networks: A perspective on QoS trade-offs

Ajibare,

Oladejo,

Ekwe

et al. 2023

SAIEE Afr. Res. J.

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show abstract

“…On the other hand, a DRA represents a suitable alternative due to the absence of ohmic losses and attractive radiation characteristics that can be achieved through appropriate combination of the resonator dimensions and the relative permittivity, as well as a suitably chosen feeding technique [7]. Therefore, mmwave single DRAs, as well as arrays, have been reported in several studies over the last few years [8][9][10][11][12][13]. However, DRA alignment and assembly represent key challenges at mm-wave frequencies since any marginal misalignment between the DRA and feeding network can have a significant impact on the antenna's performance [14,15] due to the shorter wavelengths and the physically smaller antenna size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wideband mm-Wave Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Simple Alignment and Assembly Procedures

Alanazi

Khamas

2022

Electronics

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A wideband hemispherical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with enhanced gain is proposed for a frequency band of 20 to 28 GHz. The precise alignment and assembly of the DRA represent key challenges at such frequencies that were addressed using three approaches: the first was based on outlining the DRA position on the ground plane, the second involved creating a groove in the compound ground plane in which the DRA is placed, and the third was based on the 3D-printing of the DRA on a perforated substrate. In all cases, the same DRA was utilized and excited in a higher-order mode using an annular ring slot. The high gain was achieved by exciting a higher-order mode, and the wideband was obtained by merging the bandwidths of the two excited modes. The alignment methods used expedite the DRA prototyping by saving substantial time that is usually spent in adjusting the DRA position with respect to the feeding slot. The proposed configurations were measured, with an impedance bandwidth of 33.33% and a maximum gain of 10 dBi observed. Close agreement was achieved between the measured and simulated results.

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“…If the variation in amplitude and phase caused by temperature drift exceeds a certain value, the transmission quality of the signal will decline, leading to large errors. Moreover, at high frequencies, microwave resonant cavity suffers from low gain, poor radiation efficiency and narrow bandwidth [15,16]. Therefore, it is of great necessity to enhance the temperature performance of the resonant cavity [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dual-material strategy for enhancing the temperature robustness of microwave resonant cavity

Xiao

2022

Int. J. Microw. Wireless Technol.

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Resonant frequency varies significantly due to temperature changes for microwave resonant cavities. Hence, temperature robustness enhancement is of great importance. In this paper, a resonant cavity with enhanced temperature robustness is proposed by applying the dual-material strategy to the middle cavity. Compared to the single-material cavity, the dual-material cavity can demonstrate better temperature robustness with a decrease of 72.7% in the frequency shift over the temperature range of −20 to 80°C. Moreover, the |S11| < −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 6.3% (3.39–3.61 GHz) and the gain is 20.4 dBi at 3.5 GHz for the manufactured dual-material cavity, which are much better than those of the manufactured single-material cavity. Finally, an experiment is conducted to measure the resonant frequencies with the sample solution tube of the dual-material cavity filled with nothing or 30 mg/dl CuSO4 solution, the measured values are consistent with the simulated ones. The influence of temperature drift is significantly reduced, and the feasibility of the dual-material strategy is verified.

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Substrate Integrated Waveguide - Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Future Wireless Communication

Cited by 14 publications

References 25 publications

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure assessment, analysis, computation, and minimization technique in 5G networks: A perspective on QoS trade-offs

Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure assessment, analysis, computation, and minimization technique in 5G networks: A perspective on QoS trade-offs

Wideband mm-Wave Hemispherical Dielectric Resonator Antenna with Simple Alignment and Assembly Procedures

A dual-material strategy for enhancing the temperature robustness of microwave resonant cavity

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