“…All of these pollutants may transmit into soil, plants, and groundwater (Liu et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2013), imposing a threat to soil quality, human health, and food safety (Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2001;Forslund et al, 2012). When compared to sprinkler and surface irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation can reduce human contact with effluent, the effect of drift and wetness on the irrigated crop, soil surface bacteria survival, runoff into surface waters, and odor (Lamm and Ayars, 2007;Palacios-Díaz et al, 2009;Forslund et al, 2012); therefore, it is a relatively safe way to use sewage effluent (Forslund et al, 2012;Santos et al, 2016). However, the water and nutrients for subsurface drip irrigation are easily transported to the root zone and deeper soil with the placement of a dripline beneath the soil surface (Lamm and Ayars, 2007;Li and Liu, 2011).…”