Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses mediofrontal influence over decision threshold

Cavanagh, James F.; Wiecki, Thomas V.; Cohen, Michael X; Figueroa, Christina M.; Samanta, Johan; Sherman, Scott J.; Frank, Michael J.

doi:10.1038/nn.2925

Cited by 629 publications

(731 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The increase presumably reflects a ramping of beta activity with temporal expectancy of the imperative cue (Androulidakis et al, 2007), and is similar to that reported after nogo imperative cues (Kühn et al, 2004). In the latter case, the beta power increase was interpreted as evidence of an active inhibitory process, consistent with current views that afford the STN a critical role in motor inhibition (Frank et al, 2007;Ray et al, 2009Ray et al, , 2012Forstmann et al, 2010;Cavanagh et al, 2011). By analogy, the power increase before the imperative cue in the current paradigm could relate to the inhibition of a prepotent response to the imperative cue.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Beta Reactivity, Prospective Facilitation of Executive Processing, and Its Dependence on Dopaminergic Therapy in Parkinson's Disease

Oswal¹,

Litvak²,

Sauleau³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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Oscillatory activity in the beta frequency band has been shown to be modulated during the preparation and execution of voluntary movements at both cortical and subcortical levels. The exaggeration of beta activity in the basal ganglia of patients with Parkinson's disease has heightened interest in this phenomenon. However, the precise function, if any, subserved by modulations in beta activity remains unclear. Here we test the hypothesis that beta reactivity can be dissociated from processing of specific actions and can index the salience of cues with respect to future behavior in a way that might help prospectively prioritize resources. To this end we used an experimental paradigm designed to dissociate salient warning cues from processing of specific motor or cognitive actions. We recorded local field potential activity from the subthalamic nucleus of humans undergoing functional neurosurgery for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, while the same patients were on or off the dopamine prodrug levodopa. In this way we demonstrate that beta reactivity is indeed dependent on the salience of cues with respect to future motor and cognitive action and is promoted by dopamine. The loss of normal beta encoding of saliency may underlie some of the motor and cognitive features of basal ganglia disorders such as Parkinson's disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Beta Reactivity, Prospective Facilitation of Executive Processing, and Its Dependence on Dopaminergic Therapy in Parkinson's Disease

Oswal¹,

Litvak²,

Sauleau³

et al. 2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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“…For example, the diffusion model has been used to study implicit racial associations (Klauer, Voss, Schmitz, & Teige-Mocigemba, 2007), effects of aging on brightness discrimination (e.g., Ratcliff, Thapar, & McKoon, 2006), practice effects on lexical decisions (Dutilh, Krypotos, & Wagenmakers, 2011), the effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on a conflict control task (Metin et al, 2013), and the effect of alcohol consumption on movement detection (van Ravenzwaaij, Dutilh, & Wagenmakers, 2012). Response time models have also been applied to inform the analysis of brain measures (e.g., Cavanagh et al, 2011;Forstmann et al, 2008;Mulder, Van Maanen, & Forstmann, 2014;Ratcliff, Philiastides, & Sajda, 2009). …”

Section: Cognitive Models Of Response Time Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Historically, null-hypothesis significance tests on estimated parameters were standard (Ratcliff, Thapar, & McKoon, 2004). However, based on growing skepticism over such techniques (e.g., Wagenmakers, 2007), model-selection based methods (Donkin, Brown, Heathcote, & Wagenmakers, 2011), and inference based on posterior distributions is now common (Cavanagh et al, 2011).…”

Section: Threats To the Validity Of Cognitive Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Quality of Response Time Data Inference: A Blinded, Collaborative Assessment of the Validity of Cognitive Models

Dutilh¹,

Annis²,

Brown³

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Most data analyses rely on models. To complement statistical models, psychologists have developed cognitive models, which translate observed variables into psychologically interesting constructs. Response time models, in particular, assume that response time and accuracy are the observed expression of latent variables including 1) ease of processing, 2) response caution, 3) response bias, and 4) nondecision time. Inferences about these psychological factors, hinge upon the validity of the models' parameters. Here, we use a blinded, collaborative approach to assess the validity of such model-based inferences. Seventeen teams of researchers analyzed the same 14 data sets. In each of these two-condition data sets, we manipulated properties of participants' behavior in a two-alternative forced choice task. The contributing teams were blind to the manipulations, and had to infer what aspect of behavior was changed using their method of choice. The contributors chose to employ a variety of models, estimation methods, and inference procedures. Our results show that, although conclusions were similar across different methods, these "modeler's degrees of freedom" did affect their inferences. Interestingly, many of the simpler approaches yielded as robust and accurate inferences as the more complex methods. We recommend that, in general, cognitive models become a typical analysis tool for response time data. In particular, we argue that the simpler models and procedures are sufficient for standard experimental designs. We finish by outlining situations in which more complicated models and methods may be necessary, and discuss potential pitfalls when interpreting the output from response time models.

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“…A separate study with a similar behavioral paradigm was performed recently with local field potential (LFP) recordings from the DBS lead in the STN (Cavanagh et al, 2011). Compared with low-conflict trials, high-conflict trials exhibited lower theta power within 250 ms and higher delta band power 750 ms after stimulus presentation.…”

Section: What Does Stn Spiking Encode?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Human Subthalamic Nucleus Involvement in Decision Making

Whitmer

White

2012

Journal of Neuroscience

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Review of Zaghloul et al.Deciding between multiple appealing (or unappealing) options is sometimes difficult, and the neural mechanisms of this process are not yet fully understood. Recently, experimental studies and computational models have explored the potential roles of the basal ganglia in mediating decision making through reciprocal connections with cortex. Some of these studies specifically propose that the subthalamic nucleus (STN) "holds off" cortically mediated action selection, allowing integration of more information for making difficult decisions (Frank, 2006;Frank et al., 2007).Because intraoperative electrophysiology is typically used to identify the STN as a target structure for deep brain stimulation (DBS) implantation for Parkinson's disease, it is possible to measure the neural activity from the STN while the patient is awake and able to engage in tasks. In a recent study published in The Journal of Neuroscience, Zaghloul and colleagues (2012) used this approach to test the hypothesis that the neural activity of the STN encodes the degree of "decision conflict," that is, the difficulty of choice between options with similar reward values. The authors recorded single-unit activity from the STN of patients undergoing DBS surgery while the patients performed a rewardconflict decision-making task. During the training phase of the task, subjects were presented with a series of trials in which they chose one of two simultaneously presented visual symbols via a right-or left-hand button press. Three pairs of symbols were presented during training, and for a given symbol in the pair, the probability of receiving a reward was fixed and probabilistic (ranging from 20% to 80%). After each choice, visual and auditory feedback indicated whether the choice was "correct" (rewarded) or "incorrect." Based on this feedback, participants learned over time which symbols were more likely to result in reward. The learned "reward expectation" for each symbol was defined as the rate of selection of a particular symbol during the final block of training; i.e., symbols that were expected to lead to reward were selected more often.During the testing phase of the task, trials consisted of the originally trained symbol pairs in addition to new pairs constructed by rearranging the symbols into new pairings. For example, if A-B and C-D were trained, test pairs would include A-B, C-D, A-C, and B-D. These new pairings resulted in a wide range of reward expectations across the different symbol pairs. In the testing phase, no feedback was presented after the choice. Decision conflict was defined as one minus the absolute value of the difference in reward expectations between two stimuli. Thus, if both symbols had a similarly high (or low) expectation of reward, there would be high decision conflict and it would be more difficult to decide between the two options. This measure of decision conflict was used to probe STN activity.The authors found that STN spiking increased in the 100 -400 ms window after visual stimuli were pre...

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Subthalamic nucleus stimulation reverses mediofrontal influence over decision threshold

Cited by 629 publications

References 38 publications

Beta Reactivity, Prospective Facilitation of Executive Processing, and Its Dependence on Dopaminergic Therapy in Parkinson's Disease

Beta Reactivity, Prospective Facilitation of Executive Processing, and Its Dependence on Dopaminergic Therapy in Parkinson's Disease

The Quality of Response Time Data Inference: A Blinded, Collaborative Assessment of the Validity of Cognitive Models

Evidence of Human Subthalamic Nucleus Involvement in Decision Making

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