“…(3) institutional planning environment (the political, economic, legal, and social rules and procedures of society); (4) social goals and demands (the ideologies, needs, and current state of society). There are at least four main strands of positive planning theory, explaining: A phenomena of public planning or a particular planning practice, such as zoning (Alexander, 1992); (1) B the success or failure of planning (Knudsen, 1988;Talen, 1997); C differences in implementation and substantive results of planning between countries, cities, political governments, etc (Thomas et al, 1983); D the use of different planning styles (Faludi, 1973, chapter 10). (I use`style' and`mode' interchangeably.…”