Successful use of education and cost-based feedback strategies to reduce physician utilization of low-osmolality contrast agents in the cardiac catheterization laboratory

Cost-effectiveness and Economic Benefit of Continuous Professional Development for Drug Prescribing

“…We identified 3338 potentially eligible studies of which 38 met criteria for inclusion (eFigure 1 in the Supplement ). 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 These studies enrolled more than 15 659 health care professionals (median, 180.5; IQR, 68-353; 28 studies reporting this information) and collected data on more than 1 963 197 patients (median, 4763; IQR, 1622-169 447; 16 studies reporting). Three studies 40 , 42 , 62 were translated from a non-English language (2 German and 1 Spanish).…”

“…Table 1 reports a summary of key features, and eTable 1 in the Supplement contains detailed information for each study. We distinguished studies that evaluated the cost of (expenses incurred in implementing) the CPD activity (12 studies 31 , 32 , 38 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 54 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 66 ) and studies that evaluated health care costs after a CPD activity (35 studies 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 67 ).…”

“…Instructional modalities included paper materials (26 studies 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 41 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 67 ), face-to-face small groups or 1-on-1 outreach (22 studies 30 , 31 , 33 , 35 , 36 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 65 ), performance audit and feedback (19 studies 35 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 49 , 51 ,…”

“…Considering the context of education, most studies were conducted in private or independent practice 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 (32 [84%]); 6 (16%) were in academic settings 30 , 34 , 39 , 40 , 52 , 57 and 2 (5%) in government facilities. 51 , 62 Thirty studies 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 ...…”

“… 51 , 62 Thirty studies 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 38 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 (79%) involved patients in an ambulatory setting, 7 (18%) involved patients in a hospital ward, 30 , 32 , 36 , 37 , 52 , 57 , 62 and 3 (8%) involved a medical procedure. 32 , 37 , 39 Geographic origins included the US (15 [39%]), the UK (5 [13%]), other European countries (11 [29%]), Asia (3 [8%]), Canada (3 [8%]), and Oceania (1 [3%]). Funding sources included industry 30 , 42 , 49 , 58 , 61 (5 [13%]), government 31 , 32 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 59 , 63 , 64 , 65 , …”