“…Particle size distribution was measured by dynamic light scattering using Zetasizer NanoZS (Malvern). Reproduced with permission . Coypright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry.…”
Section: Development Of the S/o Nanodispersionsmentioning
Transdermal administration of drugs has advantages over conventional oral administration or administration using injection equipment. The route of administration reduces the opportunity for drug evacuation before systemic circulation, and enables long‐lasting drug administration at a modest body concentration. In addition, the skin is an attractive route for vaccination, because there are many immune cells in the skin. Recently, solid‐in‐oil nanodisperison (S/O) technique has demonstrated to deliver cosmetic and pharmaceutical bioactives efficiently through the skin. S/O nanodispersions are nanosized drug carriers designed to overcome the skin barrier. This review discusses the rationale for preparation of efficient and stable S/O nanodispersions, as well as application examples in cosmetic and pharmaceutical materials including vaccines. Drug administration using a patch is user‐friendly, and may improve patient compliance. The technique is a potent transcutaneous immunization method without needles.
“…Particle size distribution was measured by dynamic light scattering using Zetasizer NanoZS (Malvern). Reproduced with permission . Coypright 2014, Royal Society of Chemistry.…”
Section: Development Of the S/o Nanodispersionsmentioning
Transdermal administration of drugs has advantages over conventional oral administration or administration using injection equipment. The route of administration reduces the opportunity for drug evacuation before systemic circulation, and enables long‐lasting drug administration at a modest body concentration. In addition, the skin is an attractive route for vaccination, because there are many immune cells in the skin. Recently, solid‐in‐oil nanodisperison (S/O) technique has demonstrated to deliver cosmetic and pharmaceutical bioactives efficiently through the skin. S/O nanodispersions are nanosized drug carriers designed to overcome the skin barrier. This review discusses the rationale for preparation of efficient and stable S/O nanodispersions, as well as application examples in cosmetic and pharmaceutical materials including vaccines. Drug administration using a patch is user‐friendly, and may improve patient compliance. The technique is a potent transcutaneous immunization method without needles.
“…For the particle size analysis, the S/O nanodispersions were 1000-fold diluted with IPM and the size distributions were obtained using a Zetasizer Nano ZS light scattering instrument (Malvern, Worcestershire, UK). The refractive index values for IPM and S/O nanodispersions used for the measurement were 1.43 and 1.44, 21 respectively. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the S/O nanodispersions in IPM were 100-fold diluted with cyclohexane and 5 µL of the solution was deposited on a carbon-supported copper TEM grid.…”
Section: Preparation Of S/o Nanodispersions and Particle Size Analysismentioning
Transcutaneous immunization is a novel, non-invasive alternative to conventional immunization by injection. Skin immunocompetence comprised of abundant antigen-presenting cells in the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin can provide an effective tool for transcutaneous immunization, whereas the outermost, hydrophobic layer of skin, the stratum corneum, hinders penetration of antigens into the skin. To realize effective transcutaneous delivery of antigens, we have developed a solid-in-oil (S/O) technique that produces an oil dispersion of hydrophilic biomolecules. In this study, we applied the S/O nanodispersions in transcutaneous immunization to induce cancer immunity. The topical application of S/O nanodispersions bearing ovalbumin (OVA) as a model cancer-antigen allowed the penetration of OVA into the deep dermis region of the skin by intercellular and transfollicular pathways. Inhibition of OVA-bearing tumor growth and the production of cytokines responsible for cellular immunity was achieved, demonstrating the applicability of S/O nanodispersions to the induction of cancer immunity.
“…Saccharide esters enriched in monoester have been widely used as emulsifiers in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, and as agents for drug delivery [4,5]. In addition, they possess antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity [6,7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In addition, they possess antimicrobial, antitumor, and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity [6,7]. Moreover, they have been employed to form drug-delivery systems [4,5]. The conventional method for their chemical synthesis involves extreme reaction conditions; for instance, high temperature, the use of solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide, and alkali or acid catalysts [8].…”
Technical-grade oleic acid esters of sucrose and fructose were prepared using solvent-free biocatalysis at 65˝C, without any downstream purification applied, and their physicochemical and bioactivity-related properties were evaluated and compared to a commercially available sucrose laurate emulsifier. To increase the conversion of sucrose and fructose oleate, prepared previously using solvent-free lipase-catalyzed esterification catalyzed by Rhizomucor miehei lipase (81% and 83% ester, respectively), the enzymatic reaction conditions was continued using CaSO 4 to control the reactor's air headspace and a lipase (from Candida antarctica B) with a hydrophobic immobilization matrix to provide an ultralow water activity, and high-pressure homogenation, to form metastable suspensions of 2.0-3.3 micron sized saccharide particles in liquid-phase reaction media. These measures led to increased ester content of 89% and 96% for reactions involving sucrose and fructose, respectively. The monoester content among the esters decreased from 90% to <70% due to differences in regioselectivity between the lipases. The resultant technical-grade sucrose and fructose lowered the surface tension to <30 mN/m, and possessed excellent emulsification capability and stability over 36 h using hexadecane and dodecane as oils, comparable to that of sucrose laurate and Tween ® 80). The technical-grade sugar esters, particularly fructose oleate, more effectively inhibited gram-positive foodborne pathogens (Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus and Bacillus subtilis). Furthermore, all three sugar esters displayed antitumor activity, particularly the two sucrose esters. This study demonstrates the importance of controlling the biocatalysts' water activity to achieve high conversion, the impact of a lipase's regioselectivity in dictating product distribution, and the use of solvent-free biocatalysis to important biobased surfactants useful in foods, cosmetics, personal care products, and medicine.
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