Sucrose Signaling Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Through a MAPK Cascade in Arabidopsis thaliana

Abstract

Anthocyanin accumulation specifically depends on sucrose (Suc) signaling. However, the molecular basis of this process remains unknown. In this study, in vitro pull-down assays identified ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3), a component of both sugar signaling or/and metabolism. This protein interacted with YDA, and the physiological relevance of this interaction was confirmed by in planta co-immunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assay, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Ethylene insen-sitive3-like 1 (eil1) ein3 double-mutant seedlings, but not ein3-1 seedlings, showed anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, ein3-1 suppressed anthocyanin accumulation in yda-1 plants. Thus, EMB71/YDA-EIN3-EIL1 may form a sugar-mediated gene cascade integral to the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation. Moreover, the EMB71/YDA-EIN3-EIL1 gene cascade module directly targeted the promoter of Transparent Testa 8 (TT8) by direct EIN3 binding. Collectively, our data inferred a molecular model where the signaling cascade of the YDA-EIN3-TT8 appeared to target TT8 via EIN3, thereby modulating Suc signaling-mediated anthocyanin accumulation. KEYWORDS EMB71/YODA(YDA); anthocyanin biosynthesis; ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3); TT8; sugar signal or/and metabolism; ethylene signal A NTHOCYANINS are a class of flavonoids widely found in plants and play important roles in many of physiological processes, including functioning as photoprotective screens in vegetative tissue, visual attractors in pollination, antimicrobial agents, and feeding deterrents in the defense response (Winkel-Shirley 2001). Anthocyanin accumulation is stimulated via many endogenous signals, for example, sucrose (

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