Sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) growth at different ploidy levels

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare seed germination percentage, seedling growth, total chlorophyll and protein content, sugar content, and root and sugar yields of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes at different ploidy levels. Sugar beet seeds from cultivars "Agnessa" and "Felicita" (diploids), and lines "AD 440" and "CBM 315" (tetraploids) were obtained from the Sugar Research Institute, Etimesgut, Ankara. Seed germination percentage was recorded after 4 days, whereas seedling and root lengths were noted 4 and 14 days after the study initiation. The size of epidermal cells in length and width were determined on the upper leaf surface of 6-week-old plants. Six and 10 weeks after seed sowing, plant and root lengths, leaf length and width, plant fresh and dry weights, and total chlorophyll and protein content were measured. Data related to yield components such as sugar content, root and sugar yields were obtained from trials conducted by the Sugar Research Institute under field conditions 6 months after study initiation. In the current study, diploid genotypes showed superior responses regarding generative characteristics while tetraploids passed diploid ones vegetatively in the further stages of the development. Ten weeks after study initiation, the highest results regarding vegetative characters such as plant height, root and leaf lengths, leaf width, approximate leaf area, plant fresh and dry weights, and tissue water content were recorded from tetraploid genotypes as 35.00 cm, 43.85 cm, 18.40 cm, 9.25 , respectively.

Cytogenetic effects of chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles in theAllium cepatest

“…polyploidy and aneuploidy) (Prokhorova et al 2008). Several mechanisms have been proposed for the occurrence of polyploidy (Zimmet and Ravid 2000;Gautam and Kumar 2013;Beyaz et al 2013) AgNP at 1 and 2.5 mg l −1 concentrations caused slight, but not statistically significant, increases in MI and prophase index (Table 1). Our results indicate that chitosan-capped AgNP can stimulate mitotic activity in plant tissue and disturb proportions of mitotic phases, which may result in mitotic abnormalities.…”

Plant Responses at Different Ploidy Levels

“…In contrast to common knowledge that polyploid individuals are superior than the diploid ones from many aspects, in some cases polyploid plants can have slower growth rates [9] which could be attributed to difficulties in the cell cycle and slow cell division [10] causing to fewer cell number and smaller organs. For example, it was reported that the overall chlorophyll content in polyploid plants are higher than diploid ones with lower chromosome numbers [5,6,11], while chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents of tetraploid sugar beet genotypes ('AD 440' and 'CBM 315') in our study were found to be lower than diploid ones ('Agnessa' and 'Felicita') [12].…”

“…Development of seedlings from seeds of diploid and tetraploid genotypes 6 weeks after study initiation In general, tetraploids have higher vegetative growth but lower reproductive fertility than diploids. Thus, in our study, tetraploid genotypes passed diploid ones 10 weeks after study initiation regarding vegetative characters such as plant height, root length, leaf length and width, approximate leaf area, plant fresh and dry weights [12]. Data related to generative characters such as total chlorophyll content and protein percentage were the highest in diploid genotyes (Table 4).…”

“…In a study conducted in sugar beet which is an important sucrose-producing crop worldwide in temperate regions and supplies about 20% of the world sugar consumption, two diploid ('Agnessa' and 'Felicita') and two tetraploid ('AD 440' and 'CBM 315') sugar beet genotypes were compared with respect to vegetative and generative characteristics such as seed germination, seedling growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents, root and sugar yields, and sugar content [12]. The size of epidermal cells in a field of view area on upper leaf surface of sterile seedlings were counted using clear fingernail polish, clear tape, a glass slide, and a microscope at 60X magnification.…”

In vitro rhizogenesis of sugar beet microclones

“…Studying the chromosomal mutations in cultivating sugar beet in vitro is a sophisticated task. The reason is that sugar beet (diploid set 2Н = 18) chromosomes are poorly identified because of their small size and morphology similarity (Pillen et al, 1992;Beyaz et al, 2013). That is why cytometric control is mostly limited to establishing ploidy level and chromosomal aberrations.…”