Suggestions for forecasting and monitoring facial growth

Mew, John

doi:10.1016/s0889-5406(05)81000-5

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…9,13,18 Considering the components believed to enter in the perception of attractiveness, 3,4,11,13 attractive adolescent girls, and young adolescent boys, analyzed in the current study maintained several characteristics of youthfulness and neoteny. In contrast, the oldest boys had some initial characteristics of male adult attractiveness, with a relative increment of the facial lower third (a facial marker of increasing testosterone levels).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…[3][4][5] Esthetic criteria appear to have been defined in almost all cultures, 1,[6][7][8] even if scientific research on the quantitative, measurable bases of facial attractiveness is still in progress. 1,[9][10][11][12] In the perception of attractiveness, there seem to be several components: averageness, symmetry, youthfulness, and neoteny (or babyness). 3,4,11,13 Additionally, sexual dimorphism plays a role for adult men, who should convey perceptions of masculinity, health, developmental stability, and social dominance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics of Attractive and Normal Adolescent Boys and Girls

Sforza

Laino

D’Alessio³

et al. 2008

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objectives: To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian adolescent boys and girls. Materials and Methods: The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 231 healthy, reference adolescents (10-17 years old) and in 93 similar age group ''attractive'' adolescents selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-tissue facial angles, distances, areas, and volumes were computed. Comparisons were made with analysis of variance. Results: Attractive adolescents had wider, shorter, and less deep faces than reference adolescents, with a relatively larger forehead and maxilla, and a reduced mandible relative to the maxilla. Lips were larger and more prominent, and the nasolabial angle was reduced, but in older boys the effect was reversed. The prominence of the soft-tissue profile, and of the maxilla relative to the mandible, were larger in attractive boys, but smaller in attractive girls than in their reference peers. In the horizontal plane, attractive ''young'' adolescents had a flatter face, while the opposite pattern was observed in the ''old'' adolescents, with a relatively more prominent chin. Attractive adolescents had smaller noses than reference subjects of the same age and sex. Conclusions: Overall, all the measurements appeared sufficiently homogenous, and the quantitative characteristics of an ''attractive'' face well defined. Esthetic reference values can be used to determine optimal timing and goals in orthodontic treatment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics of Attractive and Normal Adolescent Boys and Girls

Sforza

Laino

D’Alessio³

et al. 2008

The Angle Orthodontist

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“…1,8,15,17 Additionally, it is felt that esthetics should be evaluated by the laypersons who actually seek orthodontic or maxillofacial treatment. 13,17 The use of a panel of judges seemed to be the only scientific means of measuring facial beauty, 9,12 but the process is very complex and time consuming for its actual application in clinical practice. 12,24 In the current study, an external ''panel'' of judges was chosen: the children were independently selected by professionals in a casting agency who were unaware of the actual scope of the investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scientific research on the quantitative, measurable bases of facial attractiveness is, therefore, still in progress. 2,4,[9][10][11][12][13] Attractiveness is also becoming a matter of concern during childhood. Currently, children are widely employed in cinema and television, in the fashion industry, and in advertising.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional Facial Morphometry of Attractive Children and Normal Children in the Deciduous and Early Mixed Dentition

Sforza

Laino²,

D’Alessio³

et al. 2007

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objectives: To identify possible esthetic canons in facial size and shape of Italian children. Materials and Methods:The three-dimensional coordinates of 50 facial landmarks (forehead, eyes, nose, cheeks, mouth, jaw, ears) were collected in 220 healthy reference children (4-9 years old) and in 89 ''attractive'' children of a similar age group selected by a commercial casting organization. Soft-tissue facial angles, distances, and volumes were computed. Comparisons were made with the Student's t-test. Results: Attractive children had a larger face than the reference children, with a larger maxilla and forehead; overall, their faces were wider and deeper, but less vertically developed. Lips were more voluminous in attractive children, with a higher mouth. The nose was larger in attractive children than in reference children. The soft-tissue facial profile was more convex in attractive children, with a more prominent maxilla relative to the mandible. Conclusions: Overall, considering that in the analyzed ages body growth and dental changes are very fast and individually determined, all the measurements appeared sufficiently homogenous, and the quantitative characteristics of an ''attractive'' face well defined. Esthetic reference values can be used to determine optimal timing and goals in orthodontic treatment.

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“…[15]. Also, there is a high degree of interindividual variation in this age group, and growth orientation cannot be defined with certainty [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference Values for Craniofacial Structures in Children 4 to 6 Years Old: Review of the Literature

Hönn

Göz

2007

J Orofac Orthop

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This review article addresses the question as to what methods can be used to investigate cranial structure and growth development in children 4 to 6 years old, and what the relevant reference values are for this age group. We screened the literature for epidemiological, longitudinal and cross-sectional studies investigating healthy children 4 to 6 years old without abnormalities and orthodontic therapy. Radiographic cephalometry is a practical, valid tool for analyzing craniofacial structure and growth processes. But it has several disadvantages, including the use of ionizing radiation, measuring points that are difficult to locate, no means of radiographic enlargement without distorting reference values, and the data's two-dimensionality. Anthropometry is another procedure for creating reference values for the craniofacial structure in children. Its advantages over radiographic cephalometry include three-dimensional results and no radiation exposure. Moreover, it yields precise and valid results for a wide variety of potential applications. In addition to these procedures, there are other techniques with which cranial structure and growth development in children 4 to 6 years old can be investigated. Those reported in the literature in this connection include standardized photographs, the creation of computerized and magnetic resonance images, and investigations performed on dry skulls. In short, there is great demand nowadays for investigations aimed at developing reference values for Caucasian children 4 to 6 years old. Radiographic cephalometry and anthropometry are two very common methods. Anthropometry is expected to become increasingly important because it involves no exposure to radiation.

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Suggestions for forecasting and monitoring facial growth

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics of Attractive and Normal Adolescent Boys and Girls

Soft-Tissue Facial Characteristics of Attractive and Normal Adolescent Boys and Girls

Three-dimensional Facial Morphometry of Attractive Children and Normal Children in the Deciduous and Early Mixed Dentition

Reference Values for Craniofacial Structures in Children 4 to 6 Years Old: Review of the Literature

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