Suicide and Parasuicide in Childhood and Early Adolescence

Abstract

Suicide is intentional self-killing, and parasuicide an act of deliberate self-harm—either by injury, ingestion or inhalation—not resulting in death (Blacket al,1982). Both are rare under the age of 12 and the rate of suicide in those under 16 remains consistently low. Referrals to psychiatric services reported by Shaffer (1974) indicated that 7–10% were for threatened or attempted suicide, while Hawton (1982) quoted studies giving the incidence as 10–33% for children aged six to 12; in England and Wales (1962–1968), suicide accounted for 0.6% of deaths in the 10–14 age-range. McClure (1984) found that between 1975 and 1980, only ten such deaths were recorded in the 13-and-under range, and 26 deaths in the 14 year-olds, after which the number of suicides rose sharply with each successive year. That study also showed that parasuicide was most common in the 15–24 age-group, but at younger ages there was a higher proportion of undetermined deaths, as against officially recorded suicides. The social taboos associated with suicide may lead to its systematic under-reporting, but even allowing for that, the phenomenon is still a rare one under the age of 16.

Étude comparative de l’intégration scolaire chez des adolescents suicidaires et non suicidaires victimes de carence d’attention parentale

“…www.erudit.org Tous droits réservés © Santé mentale au Québec, 1996 Santé mentale au Québec, 1996, XXI, 2, 33- U n climat familial perturbé figure au premier rang des facteurs de risque de comportements suicidaires à l'adolescence (Garland et Zigler, 1993;Spirito et al, 1989 (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). L'école constitue, en effet, un milieu de vie important pour l'adolescent puisqu'elle présente un contexte social qui s'étend bien au-delà de la dimension des études (Cloutier, 1982;Du Bois-Reymond, 1989 Recension des écrits L'adolescent suicidaire éprouve certaines difficultés d'intégration dans son milieu scolaire (Brooksbank, 1985 ;Pettifor et al, 1983 ;Petzel et Riddle, 1981). De nombreuses études ont porté sur l'examen de la performance scolaire.…”

“…Bien que la part familiale soit déterminante dans le développement de l'adolescent, d'autres environnements, comme l'établissement scolaire, influencent de façon notable son évolution (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). L'école constitue, en effet, un milieu de vie important pour l'adolescent puisqu'elle présente un contexte social qui s'étend bien au-delà de la dimension des études (Cloutier, 1982;Du Bois-Reymond, 1989 Recension des écrits L'adolescent suicidaire éprouve certaines difficultés d'intégration dans son milieu scolaire (Brooksbank, 1985 ;Pettifor et al, 1983 ;Petzel et Riddle, 1981). De nombreuses études ont porté sur l'examen de la performance scolaire.…”

İntihar davranışında ailenin rolü ve önemi

“…Araştırma bulguları, intihar potansiyeli açısından erken yaşlarda yaşanan ana baba kaybının önemine işaret etmektedir (Adam 1981, 1982, Birtchnell 1981, Brent 1990. Brooksbank 1985, Ekşi 1990, Farberovv 1983, Lloyd 1980, Roy 1983, VVasserman 1988.…”

“…Bir kayıp yaşansın ya da yaşanmasın intihar davranışı gösteren gençler bozuk aile ortamlarından gelmektedir, özellikle gençlerle yapılan çalışma sonuçları mutsuz, dengesiz çatışmalı bir ev ortamının varlığı konusunda birleşmektedir (Adam 1982, Bolger 1989, Brooksbank 1985, VVright 1985, Eğilmez 1988. Literatürde intihar girişiminde bulunan kişilerin aile öyküsünde ruhsal bozukluklar, alkol kötüye kullanımı, intiharlar, ana baba arasında uzun süreli vurucu kırıcı ilişkiler sıklıkla bildirilmektedir (Brooksbank 1985, Bolger 1989, Brent 1988, Eksi 1990, Roy 1983, Sonuvar 1990, VVasserman 1989.…”

“…Literatürde intihar girişiminde bulunan kişilerin aile öyküsünde ruhsal bozukluklar, alkol kötüye kullanımı, intiharlar, ana baba arasında uzun süreli vurucu kırıcı ilişkiler sıklıkla bildirilmektedir (Brooksbank 1985, Bolger 1989, Brent 1988, Eksi 1990, Roy 1983, Sonuvar 1990, VVasserman 1989. İntihar girişimi olan gençlerle yapılan çalışmalarda ana-baba arasındaki çatışmaların yoğun, çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarının tutarsız olduğu bildirilmektedir.…”