Sulfate Attack on Cement-Stabilized Sand

Rollings, Raymond S.; Burkes, J.P.; Rollings, Marian P.

doi:10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1999)125:5(364)

Cited by 153 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This results in sulfate heave and causes significant damage to the entire pavement structure. This can manifest itself as both transverse and longitudal ridges and cracks in the pavement surface, as well as discreet areas where the strength loss in the foundation is so severe that significant permanent deformation can occur [Hunter, 1988;Snedker andTemporal, 1990 andRollings et al, 1999]. As previously described, the addition of lime to a soil containing clay minerals increases the pH to > 10.5 (Eq.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…This results from deleterious reactions that occur within the stabilised layer, resulting in disruptive volumetric changes and corresponding losses in strength. A number of often cited pavement failures [Mitchell, 1986;Hunter, 1988;Snedker and Temporal, 1990;Perrin, 1992;Kota et al, 1996;Puppala, 1999;Rollings et al, 1999 andCerato andMiller, 2011] have been attributed to this deleterious mechanism. Risk mitigation measures in the UK use a combination of prescriptive material suitability requirements, in combination with laboratory test methods that aim to evaluate a soils response to stabilisation, under controlled conditions, that reflect those found insitu.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of ettringite in the deterioration of artificial lime stabilised soils: a microstructural study

Buttress

Grenfell

Airey

2013

Road Materials and Pavement Design

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ABSTRACT. The formation of ettringite has been defined as a major failure mechanism of lime stabilised cohesive soils. It can result in both disruptive volumetric changes and loss of mechanical strength. The mechanisms of its formation and the role it plays in deleterious processes are complex. This paper reports the dimensional and strength changes of a range of artificial lime stabilised cohesive soils subject to two swell test procedures: the UK linear CBR swell test (BS1924-2, BSI 1990) and the European accelerated swell test (EN13286-49, CEN 2007). The resulting microstructural composition was analysed using a combination of Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The results are explained in terms of established theories of crystal formation and subsequent expansion mechanisms.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of ettringite in the deterioration of artificial lime stabilised soils: a microstructural study

Buttress

Grenfell

Airey

2013

Road Materials and Pavement Design

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“…This heave is known to severely affect the performance of pavements, and other geotechnical structures built on sulfate rich soils stabilized with calcium-based additive (Hunter, 1988;Mitchell and Dermatas, 1990;Petry and Little, 1992;Rajendran and Lytton, 1997;Rollings et al, 1999;Puppala et al, 2004). According to current understanding, "low to moderate" and high sulfate soils are those with sulfate less than 2,000 ppm and more than 2,000 ppm, respectively (Kota et al, 1996;Mitchell and Dermatas, 1990;Puppala et al, 2002;Rao and Shivananda, 2005).…”

Section: Sulfate Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural and Mineralogical Characterization of Clay Stabilized Using Calcium-Based Stabilizers

Solanki¹,

Zaman²

2012

Scanning Electron Microscopy

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“…They also pose a threat to the environment by changing the soil pH, which often limits the scope of vegetation and also affects the quality of the groundwater. Moreover, traditionally stabilized soil has a pH of 9 (Rollings and Burkes 1999), which often affects the longevity of steel elements in the ground (e.g., fencing) and steel frame structures (Biggs and Mahony 2004;Perry 1977). In addition, other chemical aspects, such as the electrical conductivity and the cation exchange capacity of the soil, decreases with increasing amounts of admixtures and longer curing times (Chen et al 2009;Boardman et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Rate of Erosion of a Silty Sand Treated with Lignosulfonate

Indraratna

Athukorala

Vinod

2013

J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng.

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This paper describes a theoretical model to capture the rate of erosion of a silty sand based on the principle of conservation of energy. Erosion is considered to begin when the interparticle bonds between grains are broken by hydrodynamic stresses exerted on the soil particles. These detached particles are then suspended and transported by the flow of eroding fluid. It is further assumed that once the particles are fully suspended and have reached the flow velocity, resettlement does not take place. Stabilization of soil particles because of lignosulfonate (LS) treatment is represented by the increased strain energy required to break the interparticle bonds. The equation proposed in this study is based on the shear stress-strain characteristics, mean flow velocity, mean particle diameter, and the packing arrangement of particles. The result of the proposed study is presented in the form of erosion rate versus the hydraulic shear stress. The model is validated with a series of laboratory erosion tests using the Process Simulation Apparatus for Internal Crack Erosion (PSAICE) for different percentages of LS. The model results are in good agreement with the experimental observations. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE) GT.1943-5606.0000766. (C) Abstract: This paper describes a theoretical model to capture the rate of erosion of a silty sand based on the principle of conservation of energy. Erosion is considered to begin when the interparticle bonds between grains are broken by hydrodynamic stresses exerted on the soil particles. These detached particles are then suspended and transported by the flow of eroding fluid. It is further assumed that once the particles are fully suspended and have reached the flow velocity, resettlement does not take place. Stabilization of soil particles because of lignosulfonate (LS) treatment is represented by the increased strain energy required to break the interparticle bonds. The equation proposed in this study is based on the shear stress-strain characteristics, mean flow velocity, mean particle diameter, and the packing arrangement of particles. The result of the proposed study is presented in the form of erosion rate versus the hydraulic shear stress. The model is validated with a series of laboratory erosion tests using the Process Simulation Apparatus for Internal Crack Erosion (PSAICE) for different percentages of LS. The model results are in good agreement with the experimental observations.

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Sulfate Attack on Cement-Stabilized Sand

Cited by 153 publications

References 5 publications

The role of ettringite in the deterioration of artificial lime stabilised soils: a microstructural study

The role of ettringite in the deterioration of artificial lime stabilised soils: a microstructural study

Microstructural and Mineralogical Characterization of Clay Stabilized Using Calcium-Based Stabilizers

Estimating the Rate of Erosion of a Silty Sand Treated with Lignosulfonate

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