Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized Inorganic Materials as Efficient Catalysts in Various Applications: A Minireview

Abstract

Acid catalysis is widely used in the chemical industry, and nowadays many efforts are being focused on replacing the more common homogeneous catalysts with heterogeneous ones in order to make greener the industrial processes. In this perspective, sulfonic solid acid materials represent a valid alternative to the homogenous mineral acid in several acid catalyzed reactions. In this minireview, an overview of the recent advances on the preparation, stability and application of these materials is reported. Special attention is addressed to the sustainability of the considered processes, starting from the catalyst’s preparation, the use of green solvents and reducing the possible reaction steps. Ways to tackle the main drawback represented by easy leaching of acid groups are described. For an easy catalyst recovery, the use of a magnetic core in a catalyst particle, with the related synthetic approaches, is also illustrated. Finally, a section is dedicated to the principal characterization techniques to identify the structural properties of the catalysts.

A comprehensive review on the synthesis techniques of porous materials for gas separation and catalysis

“…Kalhor et al [122] Fe(III)@Zr-MOF Fe nanoparticles Hydrolysis of 5-hydroxylmethoxyfurfural Zhang et al [123] Low ordered biosilicified enzyme Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase and tetraethyl orthosilicate Biodiesel production Ferrero et al [124] Ni and (Ce)SBA-15-CTA Citric acid CH 4 and CO 2 conversion to syngas Li et al [125] Mo/FAU MoO 3 Propane dehydrogenation Sarkar et al [126] Hydrophobic silica aerogels Hydrophobic acid Condensation reactions Barboza-Carmona et al [127] ZP-P[SIH]-2 Sulphonic acid Production of biodiesel from crude Euphorbia lathyris L. oil Pan et al [128] Covalent triazine frameworks Anhydrous ZnCl 2 CO 2 capture and conversion Zhao et al [129] SMC Sulphated zirconia Wide range of acid-catalyzed reactions applied to industrial and medical processes Anunziata and Martínez [130] Sulphonic acid-functionalized MCM and HMS silica Sulphonic acid MW-assisted Friedel-Crafts tertbutylation of hydroquinone Testa and La Parola [131] Fe 2 O 3 @SiO 2 xerogel beads Citric acid and acetic acid Citric acid and acetic acid Pai et al [132] Mo-Sn/Y-zeolite MoO 3 Direct dehydrogenation of propane Agrawal et al [133] Phosphotungstic acid@porous carbon material Phosphotungstic acid Oxidative desulphurization Wang et al [134] PTA@SiO 2 Phosphotungstic acid Friedel-Crafts alkylation of toluene with 1-octene Cs asz aret al [135] Ni/ZSM-5 CO 2 Reforming of methane Sarkar et al [136] Abbreviations: CTA, citric acid; FAU, faujasite; HSM, hollow mesoporous silica; HZSM, Protonated Zeolite Socony Mobil; MCM, mobile crystalline material; MOF, metal-organic frameworks; MW, microwave; PTA, phosphotungstic acid; SBA, Santa Barbara amorphous; SMC, starch-derived mesoporous carbon; ZP-P[SIH]-2, hybrid zirconium phosphonate with sulphonic acid-functionalized poly(ionic liquid).…”

Exploring the synthetic potential of a g-C3N4·SO3H ionic liquid catalyst for one-pot synthesis of 1,1-dihomoarylmethane scaffoldsviaKnoevenagel–Michael reaction

“…43,45,46 It has also been used as a heterogeneous acid catalyst for esterication, aldol condensation, and acylation reactions. [47][48][49] Herein we have developed a highly efficient, green, and high-yielding multicomponent reaction for one-pot synthesis of 1,1-dihomoarylmethane scaffolds (bis-dimedones, bis-cyclohexanediones, bis-pyrazoles, and bis-coumarins) using substituted aryl aldehydes and C-H activated compounds, such as dimedone, 1,3-cyclohexanedione, 1phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, and 4-hydroxycoumarin in aqueous ethanol using g-C 3 N 4 $SO 3 H as an ionic liquid catalyst. The reactions were highly efficient, completing in short reaction times and producing high yields, with easy workup procedures.…”

Sulfonated Reduced Graphene Oxide: An Acid Catalyst that Efficiently Promotes the Esterification of Glycerol

“…Hence their replacement with heterogeneous catalysts is sought. Acid catalysis is widely used in the chemical industry as a large variety of chemical transformations requires the involvement of acids [10]. For instance, acidic resins (e.g.…”