Sulfur-infiltrated porous carbon microspheres with controllable multi-modal pore size distribution for high energy lithium–sulfur batteries

Zhao, Cunyu; Liu, Lianjun; Zhao, Huilei; Krall, Andy; Wen, Zhenhai; Chen, Junhong; Hurley, Patrick T.; Jiang, Junwei; Liu, Ying

doi:10.1039/c3nr04532c

Cited by 99 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In order to overcome these obstacles and improve the electrochemical performances of the Li-S batteries, researchers have developed various strategies, including encapsulating sulfur into conductive carbon materials [11][12][13][14] , coating conductive polymer 7,15,16 , adding metal oxides as polysulfides adsorbents 8,17,18 and so on. However, these approaches commonly involve the consumption and/or production of expensive, non-sustainable and toxic chemicals, sophisticated processes and high production costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A conductive interwoven bamboo carbon fiber membrane for Li–S batteries

et al. 2015

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A conductive interwoven bamboo carbon fiber membrane for Li–S batteries

et al. 2015

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“…First, the mesoporous carbon with 7.3 nm pores was synthesized through a soft-template synthesis method, followed by potassium hydroxide activation, resulting in a bimodal porous carbon with added microporosity of less than 2 nm. Apart from the soft-template method to synthesise the HPC, researchers have developed many hard-template synthesis methods; i.e., SiO 2 [81][82][83], Mg(OH) 2 [84], MOF [37,85], etc. Recently, multi-chambered micro/mesoporous carbon nanocubes (P@CNC) as new polysulphide reservoirs have been synthesized by Wang's group [86], where they used the mesoporous MnO as a template, which was coated with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), followed by encapsulating sulphur to form P@CNC-S composites, as shown in Figure 6a-c.…”

Section: Hierarchical Porous Carbon-sulphur Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The composites demonstrated an initial reversible capacity of 1078 mA·h·g −1 at 0.5C rate, with a capacity retention ratio of 93.2% after 1000 cycles, as shown in Figure 6d. developed many hard-template synthesis methods; i.e., SiO2 [81][82][83], Mg(OH)2 [84], MOF [37,85], etc.…”

Section: Hierarchical Porous Carbon-sulphur Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Development of Carbonaceous Materials for Lithium–Sulphur Batteries

Hencz

Zhang

2016

Batteries

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The effects of climate change are just beginning to be felt, and as such, society must work towards strategies of reducing humanity's impact on the environment. Due to the fact that energy production is one of the primary contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, it is obvious that more environmentally friendly sources of power are required. Technologies such as solar and wind power are constantly being improved through research; however, as these technologies are often sporadic in their power generation, efforts must be made to establish ways to store this sustainable energy when conditions for generation are not ideal. Battery storage is one possible supplement to these renewable energy technologies; however, as current Li-ion technology is reaching its theoretical capacity, new battery technology must be investigated. Lithium-sulphur (Li-S) batteries are receiving much attention as a potential replacement for Li-ion batteries due to their superior capacity, and also their abundant and environmentally benign active materials. In the spirit of environmental harm minimization, efforts have been made to use sustainable carbonaceous materials for applications as carbon-sulphur (C-S) composite cathodes, carbon interlayers, and carbon-modified separators. This work reports on the various applications of carbonaceous materials applied to Li-S batteries, and provides perspectives for the future development of Li-S batteries with the aim of preparing a high energy density, environmentally friendly, and sustainable sulphur-based cathode with long cycle life.Batteries 2016, 2, 33 2 of 35 new energy storage systems based on different electrochemistry is urgently needed to go beyond incremental improvements in the specific energy of existing batteries.Lithium-sulphur (Li-S) batteries have the potential advantage of breaking the storage limits of conventional LIBs. As shown in Figure 1, the gravimetric/volumetric energy densities of LIBs and Li-S batteries have been compared. On one hand, sulphur shows the highest theoretical capacity of 1675 mA·h·g −1 among solid cathode elements [1,4]. On the other hand, the matched lithium anode also owns a superior high theoretical capacity of 3861 mA·h·g −1 [5]. Thus, given that Li-S batteries operate on the basis of a stoichiometric redox chemistry between sulphur and lithium, Li-S batteries can reach a theoretical specific energy and volumetric energy density of approximately 2600 W·h·kg −1 and 2800 W·h·L −1 , respectively (based on the complete Li 2 S formation) [6]. The remarkable storage capacity permits electric vehicles to possess a driving range of~500 km after a single charge [1,3]. Moreover, sulphur is an attractive electroactive material for cathodes because it is naturally abundant, low cost, and environmentally friendly [7]. According to the above advantages of sulphur, it is anticipated that Li-S batteries will ultimately rebuild the current energy infrastructure if the technology succeeds.

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“…The carbon-sulfur composites are commonly prepared by incorporating S into porous carbon [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. For example, sulfur was incorporated into a mesoporous silica (SBA-15) templated carbon (CMK-3) via a melt-infusion method achieving a high S loading 70 wt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchically porous sulfur-containing activated carbon monoliths via ice-templating and one-step pyrolysis

Roberts

Zhang

2015

Carbon

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Hierarchically porous sulfur-containing activated carbons were prepared by ice-templating from an aqueous sodium poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (Na-PSS) solution followed by a single 800 °C pyrolysis step. This thermal treatment induced crosslinking, with the in-situ generation of Na 2 SO 4 (activating agent), before carbonization and activation. The thermal treatment also resulted in the formation of sulfur salts, which could be converted to elemental sulfur upon a simple HCl acid wash. The sulfur content in the monoliths measured by microanalysis could be increased from 17.07 wt. % to 39.74 wt. % by incorporating additional Na 2 SO 4 into the monoliths prior to pyrolysis. The sulfur was uniformly dispersed within the micropores of the carbon, and could be selectively removed by degassing (heating under vacuum) at different temperatures, revealing specific surface areas of up to 1051 m 2 g -1 . The materials were characterized by various techniques and were also evaluated for their potential as cathode materials for the lithium-sulfur battery. This work may open up new and facile routes to prepare sulfur-containing porous carbons for applications where its presence is beneficial.

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Sulfur-infiltrated porous carbon microspheres with controllable multi-modal pore size distribution for high energy lithium–sulfur batteries

Cited by 99 publications

References 26 publications

A conductive interwoven bamboo carbon fiber membrane for Li–S batteries

A conductive interwoven bamboo carbon fiber membrane for Li–S batteries

Recent Development of Carbonaceous Materials for Lithium–Sulphur Batteries

Hierarchically porous sulfur-containing activated carbon monoliths via ice-templating and one-step pyrolysis

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