Sulphur By-Product: The Relationship between Volatile Sulphur Compounds and Dental Plaque-Induced Gingivitis

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) and gingival health status, and to monitor the changes in VSC in early dental plaque-induced gingivitis. Using an experimental gingivitis model, twelve subjects between 19 and 28 years old, with a healthy gingival status, refrained from brushing and flossing one randomly selected half of the mandibular arch for two weeks. At baseline and during six subsequent appointments, gingival inflammation (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and sulfide levels (SUL) were measured using the Gingival Index and the Diamond Probe/Perio 2000 System. The Spearman correlation was used to compare the relationships between SUL, GI, and BOP on the brushing (B) and non-brushing (NB) sides. Data on the NB side revealed a stronger correlation than on the B side. Wilcoxon rank sum was used to evaluate the differences between mean SUL, GI, and BOP scores on the B and NB sides over time. Results indicate that SUL were the first periodontal parameter to show a significant difference between sides. SUL were significantly higher on the NB side at 4 of the 6 data collection intervals; therefore, SUL may be associated with the initiation and progression of early plaque-induced gingivitis.

Detection of halitosis in breath: Between the past, present, and future

“…The analysis indicated that the exhaled VSCs concentrations in periodontitis patients were greater and correlated with the presence of Bacteroides forsythus , P. gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia (Awano et al., ). Similarly, increased production of VSCs contributing to the presence or exacerbation of halitosis has been widely described in oral cavity diseases (van den Broek et al., ), including but not limited to gingivitis (Zhou, McCombs, Darby, & Marinak, ), periodontitis (Tsai et al., ), xerostomia (Bollen & Beikler, ), mucosal ulcerations, and deep dental lesions (van den Broek et al., ; Cortelli, Barbosa, & Westphal, ). These findings strongly suggest that identifying exhaled VSCs and monitoring their levels could serve as a simple non‐invasive diagnostic tool for oral halitosis.…”

Platelet-activating factor levels of serum and gingival crevicular fluid in nonsmoking patients with periodontitis and/or coronary heart disease

“…Sulfide levels were measured using the Diamond Probe/Perio 2000 system (Diamond General Development Corp., USA). The system is a dental device designed to detect sulfide concentrations of various forms (S, HS, H 2 S, and CH 3 SH) within the gingival sulcus [ 21 ] and combines a conventional Michigan “O” style dental probe with a sulfide sensor. Radiographs were obtained to determine any radiographic bone loss.…”

The Chairside Periodontal Diagnostic Toolkit: Past, Present, and Future

“…When gram-negative bacteria invade the underlying connective tissue of the periodontium, an inflammatory reaction can begin and result in a tissue disruption [ 72 ]. Several clinical studies have reported that sulfide by-products are associated with periodontal diseases, especially including plaque-induced gingivitis [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ]. Many sulfide detection tools have also been introduced, e.g., Halimeter ® (Interscan Corp., Simi Valley, CA, USA), Oral Chroma™ (Nissha FIS, Osaka, Japan), and Breathtron ® (Yoshida, Tokyo, Japan), but they are designed for halitosis sensing and unavailable for diagnosing of PDs in the gingiva sulcus and periodontal pockets.…”