Summer Flushing Characteristics of Kuwait Bay

Pokavanich, Tanuspong; Alosairi, Y.

doi:10.2112/jcoastres-d-13-00188.1

Cited by 33 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Previous studies agreed that KB is characterized by slow flushing time (Gopalakrishnan, 1989;Rakha et al, 2010;Pokavanich et al, 2013;Pokavanich and Alosairi, 2014). These studies showed that the flushing time of the bay could vary between two months to 2 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…These studies showed that the flushing time of the bay could vary between two months to 2 years. However, Pokavanich and Alosairi (2014) results showed that taking the wind and density-driven current into consideration reduces the bay's flushing time to 65 days. The flushing characteristics are crucial for estimating pollutants' residence time within the bay and determining the most vulnerable environmental areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…One of the most environmentally sensitive locations within the AG is Kuwait Bay (KB), located in the northwestern part of the gulf. The bay is a narrow-mouthed and semi-enclosed shallow embayment around 35 km wide and 130 km long coastline with a maximum depth of 23 m and mean depth of 5 m (Pokavanich and Alosairi, 2014;Devlin et al, 2015) and is a nutrient-rich area and is considered one of the most affluent fish and shrimp nursery areas and a feeding ground for wading birds in the AG (Al-Yamani et al, 2004;Devlin et al, 2015). Also, it is the home of the major trading ports linking Kuwait to the world (Figure 1) and the fishing industry, which is the second leading natural source after oil (Devlin et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The west zone is shallower, with low tidal currents and higher salinity. In general, the current speed decreases toward the western portion of the bay (Pokavanich and Alosairi, 2014). Tides, winds, and density are the main factors affecting water circulation in the bay and the upper part of the Arabian Gulf (Al-Yamani et al, 2004;Pokavanich et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tides, winds, and density are the main factors affecting water circulation in the bay and the upper part of the Arabian Gulf (Al-Yamani et al, 2004;Pokavanich et al, 2013). Pokavanich and Alosairi (2014) reported that sluggish tidal currents were detected at high tide and low tide toward the western parts of the bay.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Impact of Sewage Discharge on Shallow Embayment and Mapping of Microbial Indicators

Alkhalidi

Al-Nasser

Al-Sarawi³

2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Marine pollution in shallow embayments is hazardous to human and marine health. This research investigates the environmental impact of sewage discharge from coastal outfalls on the semi-enclosed-shallow Doha Bay. Such a study highlights the impact of environmental stressors on the health of such bays. Also, the study assesses the spreading of the pollutant relative to the location of the pollution source. The bay is susceptible to sewage discharge as it is featured slow tidal currents leading to increased pollution concentrations within its basin. The concentrations and distributions of microbial water quality indicators (E. coli, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci) were investigated parallel with physical and chemical water quality parameters. Water samples were collected from the outfalls and within Doha Bay for four months. The results show that the concentrations of discharged Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Organic Carbon (COD), Nitrites (NO2−) and ammonia (NH3) has exceeded Kuwait Environment Public Authority (KEPA) maximum limits, specifically from the outfalls J3 and J4. In addition, the microbiological parameters were significantly breaching KEPA’s guidelines. The maximum fecal coliform concentration was 3.5 × 105, 2.4 × 104, and 5.4 × 103 CFU/100 ml, E. coli concentration was 2.2 × 105, 1.2 × 104, and 2.6 × 103 CFU/100 ml, fecal streptococci concentration was 7.25 × 102, 4.4 × 102, and 44 CFU/100 ml, at outfalls J3, J4, and J5, respectively, indicating high microbial pollution. The fecal coliform near J3 exceeds the allowable limits of KEPA by more than 600 times. Laboratory results were mapped to assess the microbial indicators within the bay. Spatially, the concentration of pollutants varies and correlates proportionally with the locations of the outfalls. The highly affected area is near outfall J3: a shallow, closed area with minimal water circulation and maximum sewage discharge. Offshore locations show lower pollution concentrations, and the pollutant concentrations were highest in January 2019 and February 2019. Continuing to discharge pollutants through coastal outfalls to regions such as Doha Bay will lead to long-term consequences, including eco-social, ecological, and adverse health impacts that are complex to be treated. Therefore, the bay needs an independent, comprehensive, and reliable monitoring program to measure the environmental indicators continuously.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Impact of Sewage Discharge on Shallow Embayment and Mapping of Microbial Indicators

Alkhalidi

Al-Nasser

Al-Sarawi³

2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Salinity-driven decadal changes in phytoplankton community in the NW Arabian Gulf of Kuwait

Al-Said

Al-Ghunaim

Rao

et al. 2017

Environ Monit Assess

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Evaluation of hydrological data obtained between 2000 and 2013 from a time series station in Kuwait Bay (station K6) and an offshore southern location (station 18) off Kuwait showed drastic increase in salinity by 6 units. We tested the hypothesis that increased salinity impacted phytoplankton community characteristics in these semiarid waters. The Arabian Gulf receives seasonal freshwater discharge in the north via Shatt Al-Arab estuary with a peak during March-July. A north to south gradient in the proportion of the freshwater exists between station A in the vicinity of Shatt Al-Arab estuary and station 18 in the southern offshore area. At station A, the proportion of freshwater was the highest (25.6-42.5%) in 1997 but decreased to 0.8-4.6% by 2012-2013. The prevailing hyperhaline conditions off Kuwait are attributed to decrease in the river flow. Phytoplankton data showed a decrease in the number of constituent taxa in the last one decade from 353 to 159 in the Kuwait Bay and from 164 to 156 in the offshore area. A shift in their biomass was caused by a decrease in diatom species from 243 to 92 in the coastal waters and from 108 to 83 in the offshore areas with a concomitant increase of smaller algae. Mutivariate agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis, non-metric multi-dimensional scaling, and one-way analysis of similarity analyses on phytoplankton data at different taxonomic levels confirmed significant changes in their community organization on a decadal scale. These evidences support our hypothesis that the salinity-related environmental changes have resulted in a coincidental decrease in species diversity and significant changes in phytoplankton community between the years 2000-2002 and 2012-2013, off Kuwait. This in turn would affect the pelagic trophodynamics as evident from a drastic decrease in the catch landings of Tenulosa ilisha (Suboor), Carangoides sp. (Hamam), Otolithes ruber (Nowaiby), Parastromateus niger (Halwaya), and Epinephelus coioides (Hamoor) in Kuwait.

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A geochemical analogy between the metal sources in Kuwait Bay and territorial sea water of Kuwait

Chidambaram

Bhandary

Al-Khalid

2019

Environ Monit Assess

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Summer Flushing Characteristics of Kuwait Bay

Cited by 33 publications

References 6 publications

Environmental Impact of Sewage Discharge on Shallow Embayment and Mapping of Microbial Indicators

Environmental Impact of Sewage Discharge on Shallow Embayment and Mapping of Microbial Indicators

Salinity-driven decadal changes in phytoplankton community in the NW Arabian Gulf of Kuwait

A geochemical analogy between the metal sources in Kuwait Bay and territorial sea water of Kuwait

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