Sun Gazing as the Cause of Foveomacular Retinitis

Ewald, Roger A.; Ritchey, Charles L.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(70)90881-0

Cited by 57 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Subsequent authors considered this disorder to be central serous retinopathy, but Kerr and Little (1966) described a further series of patients with foveomacular retinitis and emphasised the difference between these two conditions. On account of the vast preponderance of young, fit, male military recruits in all the reported series of foveomacular retinitis and because of the similarity of the lesions to solar retinopathy, Ewald and Ritchey (1970) looked specifically for evidence of sun-gazing. Of their 47 patients 690% admitted to sun-gazing with or without the use of drugs, and they concluded that foveomacular retinitis was a self-inflicted condition largely to avoid active military service.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Foveo-macular retinitis, solar retinopathy, and trauma.

Grey¹

1978

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Foveo-macular retinitis, solar retinopathy, and trauma.

Grey¹

1978

British Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…Corticosteroids have been used extensively as agents for ameliorating neuronal damage in experimental models ofretinal injuries, (Ewald and Ritchey 1970;Ham et al 1984;Rosner, Lam and Tso 1992;Rosner et a!. 1992), including laser-induced retinal destruction Wilson et a!.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotective therapy for argon-laser-induced retinal injury

et al. 1999

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Laser photocoagulation treatment ofthe central retina is often complicated by an immediate side effect of visual impairment, caused by the unavoidable laser-induced destruction ofthe normal tissue lying adjacent to the lesion and not affected directly by the laser beam. Furthermore, accidental laser injuries are at present untreatable. A neuroprotective therapy for salvaging the normal tissue might enhance the benefit obtained from treatment and allow sale perifoveal photocoagulation. We have developed a rat model for studying the efficacy ofputative neuroprotective compounds in ameliorating laser-induced retinal damage. Four compounds were evaluated: the corticosteroid methyiprednisolone, the glutamate-receptor blocker MK-801, the anti-oxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, and the calcium-overload antagonist flunarizine. The study was carried out in two steps: in the first, the histopathological development of retinal laser injuries was studied. Argon laser lesions were inflicted in the retinas of 18 pigmented rats. The animals were sacrificed after 3, 20 or 60 days and their retinal lesions were evaluated under the light microscope. The laser injury mainly involved the outer layers ofthe retina, where it destroyed significant numbers of photoreceptor cells. Over time, evidence oftwo major histopathological processes was observed: traction of adjacent normal retinal cells into the central area ofthe lesion forming an internal retinal bulging, and a retinal pigmented epithelial proliferative reaction associated with subretinal neovascularization and invasion ofthe retinal lesion site by phagocytes. The neuroprotective effects of each ofthe four compounds were verified in a second step ofthe study. For each drug tested, 12 rats were irradiated with argon laser inflictions: six ofthem received the tested agent while the other six were treated with the corresponding vehicle. Twenty days after laser exposure, the rats were sacrificed and their lesions were subjected to image-analysis morphometiy. The extent ofretinal destruction was assessed by measuring the lesion diameter and the amount ofphotoreceptor cell loss in the outer nuclear layer. Methyiprednisolone and MK8O1 were shown to ameliorate laser-induced retinal damage, whereas both superoxide dismutase and flunarizine were ineffective. Furthermore, MK-801 diminished the proliferative reaction ofthe retinal pigment epithelial cells. On the basis of our results we suggest that the pigmented rat model is suitable for studying and screening various compounds for their neuroprotective efficacy in treating retinal laser injury. We further suggest that glutamate might play a key role in mediating retinal injury induced by laser irradiation.

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“…Why has there been little progress in the clinical assessment of these phenomena? The paucity of reports on abnormal light intensity preference and related behaviour in psychiatric patients may be explained by the fact that these can only be detected by specific inquiry (13,20). Indeed, psychiatric patients tend to conceal such phenomena (20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The paucity of reports on abnormal light intensity preference and related behaviour in psychiatric patients may be explained by the fact that these can only be detected by specific inquiry (13,20). Indeed, psychiatric patients tend to conceal such phenomena (20). Moreover, the use of a monitoring system for light exposure at the time of admission (or during the days prior to admission) is not usually possible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment of light intensity preference in psychiatric patients: a questionnaire

Gerbaldo

Cassady

Maurer

et al. 1997

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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The assessment of abnormal light-related behaviour is important for methodological reasons, and has a prophylactic and heuristic value. Since no operationalization of these behaviour patterns has been published until now, we constructed a questionnaire to identify abnormal light intensity preference based on a systematic study and previous case reports. We administered the questionnaire to patients with schizophrenia (n = 46) or major depression (n = 55), and to healthy control subjects (n = 70). Photophilia was more frequently diagnosed in schizophrenia than in depression (P < 0.001). Photophobia was more frequently observed in depression than in schizophrenia; however, this difference was not statistically significant. None of the healthy subjects showed these phenomena. The kappa value was 0.66 for photophilia and 0.65 for photophobia. Patients with schizophrenia had a higher mean photophilia score than depressive patients (P < 0.001) and healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Depressed patients had higher photophobia scores than schizophrenics (P < 0.05) and healthy subjects (P < 0.001). The photophilia score was positively correlated and the photophobia score was negatively correlated with the light intensity preference (measured by means of a photometer) (P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation between the photophilia score and the percentage of time spent in bright and very bright areas was observed (P < 0.05). Scores were not related to age or gender. These results represent initial data in support of the validity and reliability of our questionnaire for distinguishing between patients with and without abnormal light-exposure behaviour patterns.

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Sun Gazing as the Cause of Foveomacular Retinitis

Cited by 57 publications

References 7 publications

Foveo-macular retinitis, solar retinopathy, and trauma.

Foveo-macular retinitis, solar retinopathy, and trauma.

Neuroprotective therapy for argon-laser-induced retinal injury

The assessment of light intensity preference in psychiatric patients: a questionnaire

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