^99mTc‐labeled antibiotics for infection diagnosis: Mechanism, action, and progress

Abstract

Discovery of penicillin marked a turning point in the history of infection therapy which also led to the emergence of bacterial resistance. It is now 100 years to fight with ever‐muted variants of pathogens by developing more and more antibiotics. Since 1987 to todate, no successful class of antibiotic was introduced; this three decade period is known as “the discovery void” period. While, the clinically approved antibiotics are gradually dying in front of bacterial resistance due to which bacterial infections are appearing leading cause of death and disability. Nuclear medicine imaging technique is the strongest modality to diagnose and follow‐up of deep‐seated and complicated infections. However, the selection of radiolabeled antimicrobial agents plays critical role in gaining sensitivity and specificity of the imaging results. This review comprises of two main sections; first section explains antibiotic targets, and second section explains the imaging efficacy of 99mTc‐labeled antimicrobial agents against bacterial infection along with the emphasis on progress and update of 99mTc‐labeled antibiotics as infection imaging probes. The review, in conclusion, could be an acceleration for radiopharmaceutical chemists for designing and developing 99mTc‐labeled antimicrobial agents to improve infection imaging quality.

Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Novel Technetium-99m-Labeled Complexes with Norfloxacin HYNIC Derivatives for Bacterial Infection Imaging

“…These compounds were prepared by reacting norfloxacin with HYNIC active esters (compound 1) under alkaline conditions. The final product was identified by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and ESI-HRMS (related spectra for structural characterization are presented in Supporting Information, Figures S1−S3, respectively), and the results showed that the target ligand was successfully synthesized.…”

“…NMR spectrum of compound 2 HYNICNF,13 C NMR spectrum of compound 2 HYNICNF, ESI-HRMS spectrum of compound 2 HYNICNF, in vitro stability in saline 6 h HPLC patterns of three complexes, in vitro stability in the mouse serum 6 h HPLC patterns of three complexes, biodistribution results of [ 99m Tc]Tc-tricine-TPPTS-HYNICNF, biodistribution results of [ 99m Tc]Tctricine-TPPMS-HYNICNF, biodistribution results of [ 99m Tc]Tc-EDDA-HYNICNF, and biodistribution results of [ 99m Tc]Tc-ciprofloxacin, [ 99m Tc]Tc-norfloxacin, and [ 99m Tc]Tc-citrate (PDF)■ AUTHORINFORMATION …”

Recent progress in materials development and biological properties of GTR membranes for periodontal regeneration

“…An antimicrobial drug, that is, methamphetamine (MET) normally applied in the medication of periodontal treatment (Bottino et al, 2012;Freeman et al, 1997). Metronidazole benzoate performs upon anaerobic Grampositive and anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria (P. gingivalis) (Bottino et al, 2012;El-Kamel et al, 2007;Naqvi, 2021). Certainly, the incidence of periodontal pathogens, for example, P. intermedia and P. gingivalis may adversely affect the accomplishment of tissue regeneration (Bottino et al, 2012;Haffajee & Socransky, 1994;Pihlstrom et al, 2005;Slots et al, 1999).…”

Highlights of the Latest Developments in Radiopharmaceuticals for Infection Imaging and Future Perspectives

“…In addition to these clinically available radiopharmaceuticals there has been a decadeslong effort to develop more specific imaging agents with some examples being radiolabeled antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides for bacterial imaging, radiolabeled anti-fungals for fungal infections imaging, radiolabeled pathogen-specific antibodies and molecular engineered constructs. Several excellent reviews on these agents which are primarily still in the preclinical stage have appeared in the last decade (4)(5)(6). In this opinion piece, we would like to discuss some examples of the work published in the last decade on developing nuclear imaging agents for bacterial, fungal and viral infections in order to generate more interest among nuclear medicine community toward conducting clinical trials of these novel probes, as well as toward developing novel radiotracers for imaging infections.…”