Superconducting multiturn flux transformers for radio frequency superconducting quantum interference devices

Abstract

This article describes three planar layouts of superconducting multiturn flux transformers integrated with a coplanar resonator for radio frequency ͑rf͒ superconducting quantum interference device ͑SQUID͒ magnetometers. The best magnetic field noise values of 22 and 11.5 fT/Hz 1/2 in the white noise regime were obtained for the layout with two input coils and the layout with the labyrinth resonator, respectively. Excess low-frequency noise ͑about 200 fT/Hz 1/2 at 10 Hz͒ was present. Computer simulation showed that the loss in this trilayer system was dominated by the high loss tangent of the dielectric film used for the separation of the upper and lower superconducting films. The rf coupling coefficient k rf between the resonator and the flip-chip-coupled SQUID was also estimated. The values k rf 2 Ϸ14ϫ10 Ϫ3 obtained for the layout with two input coils, and k rf 2 Ϸ45 ϫ10 Ϫ3 for the layout with the labyrinth resonator were considerably higher than the typical value of k rf 2 Ϸ7ϫ10 Ϫ3 for the single-layer coplanar resonator. These high coupling coefficients have compensated the somewhat degraded unloaded quality factor of the resonator, thus securing the optimum operation of the rf SQUID.

Progress in superconducting metamaterials

“…The original purpose of the rf-SQUID was to measure small magnetic fields and operate as a flux-to-frequency transducer [77,78]. In fact, some traditional rf-SQUID designs resemble modern-day meta-atoms [79][80][81][82]. The first proposal to use an array of rf-SQUIDs as a metamaterial was made by Du, Chen, and Li [83,84].…”