Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from Arctic charr side streams from filleting processing

Recovery of Omega-3-Rich Lipids: Toward the Sustainable Valorization of Sea-Bass Industry Side Streams

“…Specifically, the PV method was carried out according to AOCS method Cd 8-53 [23], and the p-AV method according to AOCS method Cd 18-90 [24]. Fatty acid analysis was carried out based on the method described by Semenoglou et al [5] via the direct transesterification of fatty acids (FAs) extracted from sea-bass by-products.…”

“…It is estimated that about one-third of the global fish catch is wasted or lost annually. The main fish by-products, which are valuable sources of omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, minerals and vitamins, comprise viscera (representing up to 20% of the initial fish weight), bones (up to 15%), heads (up to 12%) and scales (up to 5%) [1, 2,5,6]. Fatty acid composition varies among the different parts of the side streams, with mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and especially oleic acid (C18:1), representing the dominant fatty acid.…”

“…Fish-oil production constitutes an alternative for the valorization of fish residues, and fish oil is one of the most important fish products, since it is a rich source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5, EPA), which are necessary bioactive compounds for human nutrition [5,10]. Fish oil is mainly used in aquaculture as a feed additive (73%), in the food industry (16%) and in the pharmaceutical industry, and it also appears in other applications such as pet food and biofuels.…”

“…In the case of lipid recovery, the most commonly used solvents are non-polar, the main one being hexane, which is used on a large scale due to its high selectivity in non-polar compounds, its availability and its low boiling point. The main concern regarding these solvents is the toxicity both for humans and the environment, and the requirement for high temperatures, which can negatively affect the heat-sensitive compounds (e.g., fatty acids) [5,14,16,17]. Based on a benchmark of existing guides, the solvent selection guide (CHEM21) categorized the most common solvents in the following categories: recommended/preferred, problematic, hazardous and highly hazardous [18].…”

Highly Valuable Fish Oil: Formation Process, Enrichment, Subsequent Utilization, and Storage of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ethyl Esters

“…This technology has been summarized by many researchers in reviews of fish oil extraction [ 12 , 27 , 30 , 38 , 58 ]. Recently, after the temperature and pressure of SFE were investigated with fish oil extraction from salmon trimmings, the final content of PUFA extracts was increased to up to 26.1% [ 50 ]. In addition, subcritical dimethyl ether extraction (SDEE), which is comparable to supercritical fluid extraction, extracts oil from high-moisture tuna liver without freeze drying at relatively low pressure, with compositions of EPA and DHA in the extracts of close to 28% [ 51 ].…”