Superoxide Initiates the Hyphal Differentiation to Microsclerotia Formation of
            <i>Macrophomina phaseolina</i>

Liu, Hsien-Hao; Huang, Chih-Cheng; Lin, Yi-Jia; Tseng, Min-Nan; Chang, Hao‐Xun

doi:10.1128/spectrum.02084-21

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Furthermore, the plant provides colonization of its leaf tissues, as evidenced by melanized microsclerotia in intra-foliar structures such as secretory ducts and sieve tube elements. Research has demonstrated that phytopathogenic species can produce microsclerotia by establishing endophytic symbiotic relationships ( Liu et al, 2022 ; Luo et al, 2019 ). Patil, Kulkarni & More (1966) showed that in Curvularia hyphae, aggregates of thickened or chlamydospore-like cells result in microsclerotia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The morphoanatomy of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) provides evidence of biotrophic interactions by endophytic fungi within leaves

Freitas,

Faria,

Silva

et al. 2023

PeerJ

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Background The leaves of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) are renowned in ethnobotany for their medicinal properties and are significant as a medicinal resource for traditional Brazilian communities. As necrotic spots are common on these leaves, indicating interaction with phytopathogenic fungi, it was hypothesized that biotrophic fungal species colonize the leaf tissues of S. erecta. Methods To test this hypothesis, we employed standard techniques in plant anatomy, which enabled us to investigate the interaction of fungal structures with plant tissues and describe the morphoanatomical and histochemical characteristics of the epidermis and limbus of S. erecta. Results The anatomical analysis showed the existence of leaf teeth on the leaf tips. Additionally, hyphae, conidiospores, and spores of Bipolaris/Curvularia species were detected on the adaxial epidermis. Moreover, melanized microsclerotia were found in glandular areas of the leaf teeth and the phloem, providing evidence of biotrophic behavior. The hypothesis that biotrophic phytopathogenic fungi interact with S. erecta leaf tissues was confirmed, despite the presence of many bioactive compounds (such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils), as evidenced by histochemical analyses. The presence of tector, glandular, and scabiform trichomes on the leaf teeth and epidermis was also revealed. This study presents, for the first time, the synthesis of essential oils and alkaloids in the leaves of S. erecta. Additionally, it investigates previously unexplained aspects of the anatomy and histochemistry of the species, as well as its interaction with resident microorganisms. Therefore, it is recommended that future research focus on extracting and characterizing the oils and alkaloids of S. erecta, as well as exploring other aspects related to its microbiome and its relationship.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The morphoanatomy of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) provides evidence of biotrophic interactions by endophytic fungi within leaves

Freitas,

Faria,

Silva

et al. 2023

PeerJ

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“… Liu et al. (2022) used transcriptomic analysis to study the microsclerotia formation stages of M. phaseolina , revealing an enrichment of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related genes among up-regulated differentially expressed genes.…”

Section: Phaseolina ’S Toolkit For Pathogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Interestingly, genes involved in ROS-related functions were found to be differentially expressed in M. phaseolina during microsclerotia formation, suggesting that ROS, specifically O 2 −, stimulates microsclerotia formation ( Liu et al., 2022 ). Moreover, studies across multiple filamentous fungi have shown that ROS have functions in cell differentiation and development in fungi ( Breitenbach et al., 2015 ).…”

Section: Phaseolina ’S Toolkit For Pathogenicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“… Asai and Yoshioka (2009) found that necrotic lesions caused by Botrytis cinerea on Nicotiana benthamiana were reduced when the oxidative burst was suppressed, while disease lesions expanded when NO production was inhibited. HR induction in the host plant is favorable for pathogens during their necrotrophic phase, when they feed on dead tissue, especially when the HR is uncontrolled, as is expected if the pathogen produces additional ROS during infection ( Sarkar et al., 2014 ; Liu et al., 2022 ). It has also been shown that changes in NO levels caused by M. phaseolina infection in sesame were dependent on the susceptibility of the cultivar, with resistant varieties exhibiting a rapid but moderate increase in NO, while susceptible varieties showed a delayed and robust decrease in NO ( Acharya and Acharya, 2007 ).…”

Section: Host Immunity and Defense Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular interactions between the soilborne pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and its host plants

Shirai,

Eulgem

2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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Mentioned for the first time in an article 1971, the occurrence of the term “Macrophomina phaseolina” has experienced a steep increase in the scientific literature over the past 15 years. Concurrently, incidences of M. phaseolina-caused crop diseases have been getting more frequent. The high levels of diversity and plasticity observed for M. phasolina genomes along with a rich equipment of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, secondary metabolites and putative virulence effectors as well as the unusual longevity of microsclerotia, their asexual reproduction structures, make this pathogen very difficult to control and crop protection against it very challenging. During the past years several studies have emerged reporting on host defense measures against M. phaseolina, as well as mechanisms of pathogenicity employed by this fungal pathogen. While most of these studies have been performed in crop systems, such as soybean or sesame, recently interactions of M. phaseolina with the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been described. Collectively, results from various studies are hinting at a complex infection cycle of M. phaseolina, which exhibits an early biotrophic phase and switches to necrotrophy at later time points during the infection process. Consequently, responses of the hosts are complex and seem coordinated by multiple defense-associated phytohormones. However, at this point no robust and strong host defense mechanism against M. phaseolina has been described.

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“…Different studies have shown that superoxide (O 2 − ) and/or hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) may be the main stimulus for initiating sclerotia formation for A. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum [22,23]. In addition, a recent study applied transcriptomic analysis to show that ROS involved in microsclerotia formation of Macrophomina phaseolina and pointed out that O 2 − but not H 2 O 2 plays the major role in hyphal differentiation [24]. Specifically for R. solani, previous studies showed fewer sclerotia were produced when cultured on the hydroxyl radial scavenger-amended or ascorbic acid-amended media [25,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heritability and gene functions associated with sclerotia formation of Rhizoctonia solani AG-7 using whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association study

et al. 2023

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Sclerotia are specialized fungal structures formed by pigmented and aggregated hyphae, which can survive under unfavourable environmental conditions and serve as the primary inocula for several phytopathogenic fungi including Rhizoctonia solani. Among 154 R. solani anastomosis group 7 (AG-7) isolates collected in fields, the sclerotia-forming capability regarding sclerotia number and sclerotia size varied in the fungal population, but the genetic makeup of these phenotypes remained unclear. As limited studies have focused on the genomics of R. solani AG-7 and the population genetics of sclerotia formation, this study completed the whole genome sequencing and gene prediction of R. solani AG-7 using the Oxford NanoPore and Illumina RNA sequencing. Meanwhile, a high-throughput image-based method was established to quantify the sclerotia-forming capability, and the phenotypic correlation between sclerotia number and sclerotia size was low. A genome-wide association study identified three and five significant SNPs associated with sclerotia number and size in distinct genomic regions, respectively. Of these significant SNPs, two and four showed significant differences in the phenotypic mean separation for sclerotia number and sclerotia size, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis focusing on the linkage disequilibrium blocks of significant SNPs identified more categories related to oxidative stress for sclerotia number, and more categories related to cell development, signalling and metabolism for sclerotia size. These results indicated that different genetic mechanisms may underlie these two phenotypes. Moreover, the heritability of sclerotia number and sclerotia size were estimated for the first time to be 0.92 and 0.31, respectively. This study provides new insights into the heritability and gene functions related to the development of sclerotia number and sclerotia size, which could provide additional knowledge to reduce fungal residues in fields and achieve sustainable disease management.

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Superoxide Initiates the Hyphal Differentiation to Microsclerotia Formation of Macrophomina phaseolina

Cited by 8 publications

References 67 publications

The morphoanatomy of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) provides evidence of biotrophic interactions by endophytic fungi within leaves

The morphoanatomy of Serjania erecta Radlk (Sapindaceae) provides evidence of biotrophic interactions by endophytic fungi within leaves

Molecular interactions between the soilborne pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina and its host plants

Heritability and gene functions associated with sclerotia formation of Rhizoctonia solani AG-7 using whole genome sequencing and genome-wide association study

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