Supplementary Light Source Affects the Growth and Development of Codonopsis lanceolata Seedlings

Abstract

Codonopsis lanceolata is widely used in traditional medicine and diets. However, there is no optimal protocol for the commercial production of C. lanceolata seedlings. This study was carried out to find the optimum supplementary light source for the production of C. lanceolata seedlings. Seedlings were grown for four weeks in a glasshouse with an average daily light intensity of 490 μmol·m−2·s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) coming from the sun and a 16-h daily supplementary lighting at 120 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD from either high-pressure sodium (HPS), metal halide (MH), far-red (FR), white LED (LED-w), or mixed (white: red: blue = 1:2:1) LEDs (LED-mix). The results showed that the greatest total biomass, stem diameter, ratio of shoot weight to shoot length, root biomass, and ratio of root weight to shoot weight were found in seedlings grown under supplementary LED-mix. Meanwhile, the stomatal properties and soluble sugar contents were improved for seedlings in LED-mix. The contents of starch, total phenols, and flavonoids were the greatest for seedlings in LED-w and LED-mix. The expression of photosynthetic proteins and genes in seedlings was also enhanced by LED-mix. Overall, these results suggest that LED-mix is advantageous to the photosynthetic potential and the accumulation of biomass, carbohydrates and secondary metabolites in C. lanceolata.

Supplementary Light Source Affects Growth, Metabolism, and Physiology ofAdenophora triphylla(Thunb.) A.DC. Seedlings

“…Sample preparation and SEM analysis of stomata were carried out following previously published method [28, 34]. In brief, excised leaves were fixed immediately in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution at 4°C overnight.…”

“…The intensity of protein bands was analyzed by using software (version 1.8.0, ImageJ, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/download.html) [39]. For western blots of D1 protein, the protein was extracted by a 100 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.8) with 1 mM EDTA-Na 2 , 2% PVP, 1% triton X-100, and 0.07% β -mercaptoethanol according to a previously described protocol [28, 41]. Extracted protein (25 μ g) was mixed well with a 240 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 6.8) containing 8% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 0.04% bromophenol blue, 40% glycerol, and 5% β -mercaptoethanol and then separated by the SDS-PAGE.…”

“…Different supplementary light sources may influence primary and secondary metabolism in different manners [20, 28]. Previous studies have shown that conventional HID lamps are more efficient in the improvement of metabolites than LEDs [24, 29, 30].…”

Supplementary Light Source Affects Growth and Development of Carnation ‘Dreambyul’ Cuttings

“…Light is the foremost energy source for plant growth. Supplementary lights are broadly used in agricultural production for the advancement in crop growth, yield, and quality, which has been confirmed by many researchers [13][14][15].…”

Manipulating the Difference between the Day and Night Temperatures Can Enhance the Quality of Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis lanceolata Plug Seedlings

“…The total RNA was extracted using a commercial extraction kit (iNtRON Biotechnology, Seoul, Republic of Korea), and cDNA was converted from total RNA using the GoScript Reverse Transcription System (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). The gene expression was determined by employing a Rotor-Gene Q detection system (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and the value was calculated by using the 2 −∆∆Ct method [33]. All primers were designed using Premier 5.0 (Premier Biosoft Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA) and the primer sequences are presented in Table 1.…”