Supplementation of a grape seed and grape marc meal extract decreases activities of the oxidative stress-responsive transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2 in the duodenal mucosa of pigs

Abstract

BackgroundIn pigs, enteric infections and the development of gut disorders such as diarrhoea are commonly observed, particularly after weaning. The present study investigated the hypothesis that feeding a grape seed and grape marc extract (GSGME) as a dietary supplement has the potential to suppress the inflammatory process in the small intestine of pigs by modulating the activities of NF-κB and Nrf2 due to its high content of flavonoids.MethodsTwenty-four crossbred, 6 weeks old pigs were randomly assigned to 2 groups of 12 animals each and fed nutritionally adequate diets without or with 1% GSGME for 4 weeks.ResultsPigs administered GSGME had a lower transactivation of NF-κB and Nrf2 and a lower expression of various target genes of these transcription factors in the duodenal mucosa than control pigs (P < 0.05). Concentrations of α-tocopherol and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in liver and plasma and total antioxidant capacity of plasma and relative mRNA abundances of NF-κB and Nrf2 target genes in the liver did not differ between the two groups. However, the ratio of villus height:crypt depth and the gain:feed ratio was higher in the pigs fed GSGME than in control pigs (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThis study shows that dietary supplementation of a polyphenol rich GSGME suppresses the activity of NF-κB in the duodenal mucosa of pigs and thus might provide a useful dietary strategy to inhibit inflammation in the gut frequently occurring in pigs. Feeding GSGME did not influence vitamin E status and the antioxidant system of the pigs but improved the gain:feed ratio. In overall, the study suggests that polyphenol-rich plant extracts such GSGME could be useful feed supplements in pig nutrition, in order to maintain animal health and improve performance.

Determination of polyphenol and crude nutrient content and nutrient digestibility of dried and ensiled white and red grape pomace cultivars

“…The third portion of each frozen GP sample and approximately 500 g of each ensiled GP sample were lyophilised and milled by a laboratory mill (Dietz, Dettingen-Teck, Germany). Extraction of TPC from the obtained GP powder was carried out using an ASE 350 (Accelerated Solvent Extraction System, Dionex Corporation, Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA) as described by González-Centeno et al (2013). The TPC of the extracted GP cultivars was measured spectrophotometrically in 96-well plates according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method (Singleton and Rossi 1965).…”

“…Emerging findings indicate that the health-promoting effects of flavonoids are largely based on their anti-inflammatory activities through modulating the activities of key regulators of inflammation, and cell protection is more relevant than the antioxidant properties (Kim et al 2008). Based on these effects, the pharmaceutical and food industry use GP already as a natural source of flavonoids for the production of nutraceuticals and functional food with the aim to improve human health (González-Centeno et al 2013;Georgiev et al 2014).…”

“…At least in monogastric animals it was demonstrated recently that flavonoid-rich feed additives based on grape meal extract or spent hops inhibit markers of inflammation in the intestine, influence the intestinal microflora and improve the gain-to-feed ratio in weaned growing pigs (Gessner et al 2013;Fiesel et al 2014). Flavonoid-rich feed additives like GP might be also useful for ruminant farm animals considering that an inflammatory condition is also frequently found in high-producing dairy cows and has been proposed to play a key role in the development of liver-associated diseases such as fatty liver and ketosis (Ringseis et al 2014).…”

Short communication: Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins in milk of lactating ewes

“…Feed and milk FA were determined by gas chromatography according to Schlegel et al (2012b). Concentrations of retinol and α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol were determined in feed and milk by HPLC (L-7100, LaChrom, Merck-Hitachi, Darmstadt, Germany) with fluorescence detection as described for tocopherols in Gessner et al (2013) and detected by fluorescence (Fluorescence Detector L-7480, LaChrom, Merck-Hitachi, retinol: excitation wavelength, 325 nm, emission wavelength, 475 nm; tocopherols: excitation wavelength, 295 nm, emission wavelength, 325 nm). The δ-und β-tocopherol could not be separated and are summarized as δ-tocopherol.…”

<b>Appraisal of purple coneflower (<i>Echinacea purpurea</i>) extract on production performance, internal organs, and gut microflora of japanese quail

“…The presence of active ingredients and phenolic compounds can reduce numbers of intestinal pathogens, thus minimizing wasting the nutrients (Nasir & Grashorn, 2010b). The antibacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory activity of herbal extract polyphenols have been reported previously ( Hajati, Hassanabadi, Golian, Nassiri-Moghaddam, & Nassiri, 2015a;2015b;Gessner et al, 2013;Liu et al, 2016). Ebrahimi, Rahimi and Khaki (2015) reported that EP alcoholic extract in drinking water (1:1000 v v -1 ) statistically increased the relative weight of the spleen and Bursa of Fabricius as lymphoid tissues.…”