Supplementation of carbohydrases or phytase individually or in combination to diets for weanling and growing-finishing pigs1

Abstract

The overall objective of the studies reported here was to evaluate the growth and nutrient utilization responses of pigs to dietary supplementation of phytate- or nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. In Exp. 1, growth performance and nutrient digestibility responses of forty-eight 10-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of phytase or a cocktail of xylanase, amylase, and protease (XAP) alone or in combination were evaluated. The growth response of one hundred fifty 23-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of phytase or xylanase individually or in combination was studied in Exp. 2 in a 6-wk growth trial, whereas Exp. 3 investigated the nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention responses of thirty 24-kg pigs to dietary supplementation of the same enzymes used in Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, the pigs were used in a 28-d feeding trial. They were blocked by BW and sex and allocated to 6 dietary treatments. The treatments were a positive control (PC) diet; a negative control (NC) diet marginally deficient in P and DE; NC with phytase added at 500 or 1,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg; NC with xylanase at 2,500 units (U)/kg, amylase at 400 U/kg, and protease at 4,000 U/kg; and NC with a combination of phytase added at 500 FTU/kg and XAP as above. In Exp. 2 and 3, the 5 dietary treatments were positive control (PC), negative control (NC), NC plus 500 FTU of phytase/kg, NC plus 4,000 U of xylanase/kg, and NC plus phytase and xylanase. In Exp. 1, low levels of nonphytate P and DE in the NC diet depressed (P < 0.05) ADG of the pigs by 16%, but phytase linearly increased (P < 0.05) ADG by up to 24% compared with NC. The cocktail of XAP alone had no effect on ADG of pigs, but the combination of XAP and phytase increased (P < 0.05) ADG by 17% compared with the NC treatment. There was a linear increase (P < 0.01) in Ca and P digestibility in response to phytase. In Exp. 2, ADG was 7% greater in PC than NC (P < 0.05); there were no effects of enzyme addition on any response. In Exp. 3, addition of phytase alone or in combination with xylanase improved (P < 0.05) P digestibility. Phosphorus excretion was greatest (P < 0.01) in the PC and lowest (P < 0.05) in the diet with the combination of phytase and xylanase. The combination of phytase and xylanase improved P retention (P < 0.01) above the NC diet to a level similar to the PC diet. In conclusion, a combination of phytase and carbohydrases improved ADG in 10-kg but not 23-kg pigs, but was efficient in improving P digestibility in pigs of all ages.

Effects of dietary supplementation of exogenous multi-enzyme mixture containing carbohydrases and phytase on growth performance, energy and nutrient digestibility, and selected mucosal gene expression in the small intestine of weanling pigs fed nutrient deficient diets

“…In addition, supplementation with the enzyme mix increased BW and ADG compared with the NC diet, resulting in similar final BW and ADG compared with the PC. These results are in agreement with several previous studies (Graham et al 1988;Zyla et al 1996;Omogbenigun et al 2004;Olukosi et al 2007). Young pigs typically have a higher ADG response to β-glucanase supplementation than finishing pigs.…”

“…As reported by Willamil et al (2012), xylanase and glucanase were able to increase nutrient digestibility in a wheatbarley-rye-based diet, but failed to improve pig performance in a corn-based diet. Olukosi et al (2007) also suggested that xylanase would be more active in diets Note: Values are means of eight replicates with two pigs per replicate; means with lowercased letters are different at P < 0.05.…”

“…This could be because finishing pigs have a more mature microflora that aids in the digestion of β-glucans than young pigs. The immaturity of the microflora of weanling pigs may necessitate the use of exogenous enzymes to aid in the breakdown of NSPs (Graham et al 1988;Olukosi et al 2007). Such enzyme action liberates more nutrients leading to increased growth performance.…”

“…However, adding appropriate carbohydrases has been shown to reduce the anti-nutrient effects of NSP in young pigs (Cadogan et al 2003;Zijlstra et al 2004;Kiarie et al 2007). It is also well documented that phytase supplementation to a P-deficient diet results in increased growth performance of pigs (Cromwell et al 1993;Han et al 1997;Yáñez et al 2014) and utilization of Ca and P (Adeola 1995;Olukosi et al 2007;Yáñez et al 2014). Carbohydrase addition to a diet high in NSP can lead to increased volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (Hübener et al 2002) and a reduction in ammonia production (Kiarie et al 2007), creating a condition that is favourable for the growth of beneficial bacteria, and inhibiting the proliferation of harmful or pathogenic bacteria in the gut (Pluske et al 2001).…”

Expression, purification and characterization of a phyA m -phyCs fusion phytase

“…Supplemental microbial phytase in meal diets for swine, poultry and fish effectively improves phytate phosphorus utilization by these animals, decreasing phosphorus excre-tion pollution (Augspurger et al, 2003;Rutherfurd et al, 2002;Olukosi et al, 2007).…”