Intercultural Crisis Communication: Examining the Experiences of Crisis Sojourners In the twenty-first century, crises occurring anywhere on earth may become contexts for massive, intercultural rescue and recovery operations. Natural and manmade disasters often require the coordinated efforts of multiple, culturally-diverse actors. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed an estimated 228,000 people and left more than 2 million homeless drew emergency responders from dozens of countries (Kweifio-Okai, 2014). This response required extensive coordination and cross-cultural communication efforts from individuals and organizations with differing languages, norms, beliefs, and practices. Cultural challenges are a consideration for domestic responses as well. For example, Hurricane Sandy required the coordinated efforts of responders from across the United States. Despite the shared national heritage of those responding to Hurricane Sandy, there were a variety of cultural conflicts that hampered response and recovery efforts (Nir, 2012). Emergency response efforts present opportunities for cultural misunderstandings between the host culture and responders. Both crisis communication and intercultural communication require mindful, reflective decision-making (Langer, 1989). At the same time, the demands of both contexts make ineffective communication likely (Fleming, 1995; Hermann, 1963). Because business and personal life now occur in a global context, emergencies, disasters, and crises are likely to worsen if their intercultural communication dimensions are not carefully considered. It is therefore important to explore intercultural crisis communication for the pragmatic benefit this study offers. Additionally, it may be the case that crises, by their very nature, function as lenses on essential communication problems. These contexts lay bare the fundamental tensions in all communication situations. Mistakes made during crises are intensified by the crisis context, and 3 are more visible than mistakes occurring outside of a crisis. The additional dimension of crosscultural communication can create the potential to greatly exacerbate a crisis situation. The purpose of this research is to study intercultural crisis communication by engaging with individuals who work in crisis settings across a variety of cultural contexts. This study consists of 20 qualitative interviews with emergency responders who work both domestically and abroad. By soliciting these responders' stories, I was able to gain a sense of the dynamics of effective and ineffective intercultural crisis communication. In the following section I review relevant literature. Next, I review the method for the current study. Then, I present the results, discussion, and implications for future research in this area. Contextual Tensions in Intercultural and Crisis Communication Both intercultural communication and crisis communication share a tension that Langer (1989) might call a "premature cognitive commitment" (p. 22). According to Langer, this...