Supramolecular Interaction of Molecular Cage and β‐Galactosidase: Application in Enzymatic Inhibition, Drug Delivery and Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

Enzyme inhibitors play a crucial role in diagnosis of a wide spectrum of diseases related to bacterial infections. We report here the effect of a water‐soluble self‐assembled PdII8 molecular cage towards β‐galactosidase enzyme activity. The molecular cage is composed of a tetrapyridyl donor (L) and cis‐[(en)Pd(NO3)2] (en=ethane‐1,2‐diamine) acceptor and it has a hydrophobic internal cavity. We have observed that the acceptor moiety mainly possesses the ability to inactivate the β‐galactosidase enzyme activity. Kinetic investigation revealed the mixed mode of inhibition. This inhibition strategy was extended to control the growth of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The internalization of the Pd(II) cage inside the bacteria was confirmed when bacterial solutions were incubated with curcumin loaded cage. The intrinsic green fluorescence of curcumin made the bacteria glow when put under an optical microscope. Furthermore, this curcumin loaded molecular cage shows an enhanced antibacterial activity. Thus, PdII8 molecular cage is quite attractive due to its dual role as enzyme inhibitor and drug carrier.

Supramolecular cage-mediated cargo transport

“…84 In 2021, Mrinmoy and coworkers constructed cage 19 through the self-assembly of ligand L12 and cis -(en)Pd(NO 3 ) 2 ( c Pd). 64 Cage 19 adopted a barrel-shaped hydrophobic cavity with a volume of 2,277.252 Å 3 and exhibited good water solubility with 16 positive charges. Thus, cage 19 could bind with β-Gal through the electrostatic interaction between cage 19 and the negative β-Gal (Fig.…”

“…For example, compared with ordinary drugs for cancer treatment, encapsulated drugs in carriers for targeted delivery to cancer cells can achieve better therapeutic effects and avoid toxic side effects on normal cells and organs. [61][62][63][64][65] On account of their excellent host-guest and physicochemical properties, supramolecular cages have excellent potential for material transport in biological systems.…”

Gram-selective antibacterial activity of mixed-charge 2D-MoS2

“…5,6 Recently, substantial efforts have been devoted to the development of nanomaterial-based antibiotics. [7][8][9][10][11] Nanomaterials have emerged as a new generation of antibiotics due to their multi-prong antimicrobial activity, membrane permeability, biocompatibility, and low potential to induce drug resistance. 12 Recently, nanomaterials have attracted significant attention due to their application in catalysis, 13,14 electronics, biomedicine such as sensing, [15][16][17] antibacterial activity, 18 enzyme inhibition 19 and drug delivery.…”

“…5,6 Recently, substantial efforts have been devoted to the development of nanomaterial-based antibiotics. 7–11 Nanomaterials have emerged as a new generation of antibiotics due to their multi-prong antimicrobial activity, membrane permeability, biocompatibility, and low potential to induce drug resistance. 12…”

Amino Acid-Functionalized MoS2 Quantum Dots for Selective Antibacterial Activity

“…The extensive use of conventional antibiotics makes bacteria more resistant, and hence the number of drug-resistant bacterial strains is ever increasing . Therefore, there is an urgent need to design and develop alternative antibacterial agents with high antibacterial efficacy and bacterial strain selectivity. , In this respect, the rapid development of nanomaterial-based antibiotics opens up a new avenue to solve the bacterial resistant problem. , To date, there are several kinds of nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, graphene-based materials, peptides, etc., that have been explored for their high antibacterial activity but with limited bacterial strain selectivity. − Although there are various nanomaterial-based antibiotics reported, there is always a need to develop novel nanomaterials with efficient antibacterial activity, specifically with selectivity …”