Supramolecular Polymers Based on Cyclodextrins for Drug and Gene Delivery

Abstract

Supramolecular polymers based on cyclodextrins (CDs) have inspired interesting and rapid developments as novel biomaterials in a broad range of drug and gene delivery applications, due to their low cytotoxicity, controllable size, and unique architecture. This review will summarize the potential applications of polyrotaxanes in the field of drug delivery and gene delivery. Generally, cyclodextrin-based biodegradable polypseudorotaxane hydrogels could be used as a promising injectable drug delivery system for sustained and controlled drug release. Temperature-responsive, pH-sensitive, and controllable hydrolyzable polyrotaxane hydrogels have attracted much attention because of their controllable properties, and the self-assembly micelles formed by amphiphilic copolymer threaded with CDs could be used as a carrier for controlled and sustained drug release. Polyrotaxanes with drug or ligand conjugated CDs threaded on a polymer chain with a biodegradable end group could be useful for controlled and multivalent targeted delivery. In the field of gene delivery, cationic polyrotaxanes consisting of multiple OEI-grafted CDs threaded on a block copolymer chain are attractive non-viral gene carries due to the strong DNA-binding ability, low cytotoxicity, and high gene delivery capability. Furthermore, cytocleavable end-caps were introduced in the polyrotaxane systems in order to ensure efficient endosomal escape for intracellular trafficking of DNA. The development of the supramolecular approach using CD-containing polyrotaxanes is expected to provide a new paradigm for biomaterials.

Cyclodextrin Based Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Theranostics

“…20,21 The reports focused on cyclodextrin (CD) which discusses its role in oral cancer therapy, 22 pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of CD-based nanogels 23 and in drug and gene delivery are available. [24][25][26][27] Despite the varied potential of NPs, they possess lacuna related to some physicochemical and pharmaceutical aspects. These challenges could include lower drug loading and entrapment efficiency, etc.…”

Cow manure as a lignocellulosic substrate for fungal cellulase expression and bioethanol production

“…Many previous studies focused on lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production (Ho et al 2014 ). Among these lignocellulosic materials, agriculture wastes with high carbohydrate content are promising candidates of biodegradable sources due to their potential commercial application prospects in bioenergy (Balan 2014 ; Haq and Easterly 2006 ; Zhao et al 2011 ). Cows are fed with corn silage (Fig.…”

“…In addition, the potential of using cow manure has so far been unexploited, and only a limited lignocellulosic fraction in this green supply has been converted into biogas by microorganisms, with large amounts of anaerobically digested cow manure generated during the process (Diaz et al 2016 ). The treated lignocellulosic fraction could be effectively disrupted by enzymatic hydrolysis into fermentable sugars (Zhao et al 2011 ). From a carbon cycle perspective, it is an alternative to biogas for the production of bioethanol and other chemicals with lignocellulosic fraction in cow manure.…”

Cyclodextrins

“…The polyrotaxanes with drug-or ligand-conjugated CDs threaded on a polymer chain with a biodegradable end group could be useful for controlled and multivalent targeted delivery. In the field of gene delivery, cationic polyrotaxanes consisting of multiple OEI-grafted CDs threaded on a block copolymer chain are attractive non-viral gene carries due to the strong DNA-binding ability, low cytotoxicity, and high gene delivery capability (Li et al 2011).…”