Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized via a green,
one-step
hydrothermal method. As CQD precursors, nine amino acids of different
structural descriptors (negatively/positively charged in water, polar,
hydrophobic, sulfur-containing, and other/complex ones) were surveyed:
Asp, Cys, Gly, His, Leu, Lys, Phe, Pro, and Ser. The reactions were
performed in an autoclave in the presence of citric acid at 180 °C
for 24 h and yielded core–shell CQDs. CQDs were comprehensively
characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering,
Raman, UV/Vis, infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and fluorescence
spectroscopy. At the excitation wavelength of λex = 350 nm, Cys-, Phe-, Leu-, and Lys-based CQDs displayed the highest
quantum yield blue fluorescence90 ± 5, 90 ± 4, 87
± 5, and 67 ± 3%, respectivelysuperior to the conventional
fluorescent dyes. Strikingly, for Lys- and Phe-CQDs, dissimilar trends
in the excitation–emission wavelength relationships were identified,
that is, constantly strong red shifts versus excitation wavelength-independent
emission. Cys- and Lys-CQDs were water-dispersible toward the narrow
unimodal distribution of hydrodynamic diameters0.6 and 2.5
nm, respectively. Additionally, Lys- and Cys-CQDs, with high absolute
zeta potential values, formed stable aqueous colloids in a broad range
of pH (2, 7, and 12). The results constitute important premises for
water-based applications of CQDs, such as bioimaging or photocatalysis.