Surface Analysis of Real Metals by Temperature Programmed Photoelectron Emission Technique. Relationship between TPPE characteristics and Surface Pretreatment Methods.

Observation of Real Metal Surfaces by Tribostimulated Electron Emission and Its Relationship to the Analyses by XPS and Photoemission

“…10, obviously the PE total count has a tendency to increase with a decrease in the threshold throughout all the metals. This trend was very similar to the relationship between the PE total count and the threshold obtained for one sample at successively changed temperatures in the PE measurement (TPPE method) [14]. At the metal surfaces before the PE measurement [12,13] the C1s and O1s peaks were confirmed in the same way as those before the TriboEE measurement (Figs.…”

“…In connection with the effect of the Q gas on the metal surface the adsorption or the reaction of the iso-C 4 H 10 molecule used as a quenching gas at the metal surfaces and the interaction of some charged products formed in the Q gas with the metal surfaces have been already discussed elsewhere [14]. In a study on the ability of various counter gases to count the exoelectron emission from sandblasted mild steel the emission intensity for Q gas was reported to be about 1/6 of that for a counter gas of Ar gas containing a small amount of C 2 H 5 OH vapor used as the quenching gas [27].…”

“…In the present study the following PE data at the temperature of 298 K were employed: the amount of ejected photoelectrons (called PE total count) in the range of the wavelengths and the photoelectric threshold value. The threshold was estimated from the intercept on the abscissa in the plot of the square of the emission intensity versus the photon energy [14,16]. Here, it should be noted that to determine the threshold the emission intensity (cpm) was used instead of the intensity in the unit of count/ photon.…”

“…We have recently developed two surface analysis methods using photoemission (PE) called temperature programed photoelectron emission (TPPE) [12][13][14] and tribostimulated electron emission (TriboEE) [15]. Both TPPE and TriboEE can be observed with a gas-flow Geiger counter with a counter gas called Q gas composed of a mixture of He and about 1% iso-C 4 H 10 at atmospheric pressure.…”

“…A gas-flow Geiger counter with a counter gas called Q gas was used for observing the TriboEE. Metal samples used were as follows: Ti, Zr (group 4 in the periodic table); V, Nb, Ta (group 5); Mo, W (group 6); Fe (group 8); Co (group 9); Ni, Pd, Pt (group 10); Cu, Ag, Au (group 11); Zn (group 12); Al (group 13); and Sn (group 14). For metals in the same groups of 4, 5, 6, 10, and 11 the number of electrons ejected during rubbing time (called TriboEE total count) increased with an increase in the period for the metal.…”