Surface and subsurface phosphorus export from agricultural fields during peak flow events over the nongrowing season in regions with cool, temperate climates

Esbroeck, Christopher J. Van; Macrae, Merrin L.; Brunke, R.; McKague, Kevin

doi:10.2489/jswc.72.1.65

Cited by 33 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The tile drainage pipes were intercepted by custom‐built vertical riser pipes for the monitoring of flow and water quality sampling. Tile flow was measured at 10‐ to 15‐min intervals using simultaneous direct observations of velocity and depth of water in the tile at the ILD, LON, and BVL sites (Hach Flo‐Tote 3 and FL900 data logger; Van Esbroeck et al, 2016, 2017), or using observations of water depth (Hobo Level Logger, Onset) in a custom‐built weir placed in the tile line and a rating curve developed over a 2‐yr period at the INN1, INN2, and SM sites (Lam et al, 2016b). A trapezoidal weir was placed within each tile to estimate flow during low‐water‐level periods (<80 mm) when the Hach Flo‐Tote 3 velocity measurements were unreliable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…), whereas a surface inlet collected surface flow into a nonperforated pipe (0.20‐m diam.) underground at the ILD site and was accessed through a vertical riser pipe identical to the tile drain monitoring system (Van Esbroeck et al, 2016, 2017). It should be noted that although surface flow measurements were made at a single location for each site, they were assumed to be representative of integrated surface runoff conditions across each site.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the loamy soils of southern Ontario, Canada, along the northern boundary of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario and the eastern boundary of Lake Huron, the majority of P losses from tile drains occur during rainfall‐driven and snowmelt‐triggered stormflow events, rather than during baseflow periods (Macrae et al, 2007b; Lam et al, 2016a, 2016b; Van Esbroeck et al, 2016, 2017), which is similar to other loam or permeable soil tile‐drained landscapes (Grant et al, 1996; Dils and Heathwaite, 1999; Zimmer et al, 2016). There is some evidence to suggest that relationships exists between C , Q , and L in tile drains in southern Ontario (Macrae et al, 2007b; Lam et al, 2016a; Van Esbroeck et al, 2016); however, it is not clear if these persist in time and across broader regions, and if such relationships indicate supply or transport limitation.…”

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confidence: 91%

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Supply and Transport Limitations on Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Fields in the Lower Great Lakes Region, Canada

et al. 2018

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Phosphorus (P) mobilization in agricultural landscapes is regulated by both hydrologic (transport) and biogeochemical (supply) processes interacting within soils; however, the dominance of these controls can vary spatially and temporally. In this study, we analyzed a 5-yr dataset of stormflow events across nine agricultural fields in the lower Great Lakes region of Ontario, Canada, to determine if edge-of-field surface runoff and tile drainage losses (total and dissolved reactive P) were limited by transport mechanisms or P supply. Field sites ranged from clay loam, silt loam, to sandy loam textures. Findings indicate that biogeochemical processes (P supply) were more important for tile drain P loading patterns (i.e., variable flow-weighted mean concentrations ([]) across a range of flow regimes) relative to surface runoff, which trended toward a more chemostatic or transport-limited response. At two sites with the same soil texture, higher tile [] and greater transport limitations were apparent at the site with higher soil available P (STP); however, STP did not significantly correlate with tile [] or P loading patterns across the nine sites. This may reflect that the fields were all within a narrow STP range and were not elevated in STP concentrations (Olsen-P, ≤25 mg kg). For the study sites where STP was maintained at reasonable concentrations, hydrology was less of a driving factor for tile P loadings, and thus management strategies that limit P supply may be an effective way to reduce P losses from fields (e.g., timing of fertilizer application).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 91%

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Supply and Transport Limitations on Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Fields in the Lower Great Lakes Region, Canada

et al. 2018

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“…Indeed, in cold climate agroecosystems of the northern Great Plains in North America, snowmelt over frozen soils during the spring dominates annual runoff and surface P export (Tiessen et al, 2010). However, in the more temperate Great Lakes region of North America, snowmelt, repeated freeze–thaw cycles, and rain on bare, wet soils can all occur during the nongrowing season (NGS) and can trigger surface and subsurface runoff and P export (Lam et al, 2016a; Van Esbroeck et al, 2017). Moreover, rainfall‐driven runoff can occur throughout the year, generating variable runoff responses, depending on antecedent moisture conditions and event characteristics (Macrae et al, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

Agricultural Edge‐of‐Field Phosphorus Losses in Ontario, Canada: Importance of the Nongrowing Season in Cold Regions

et al. 2019

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Agricultural P losses are a global economic and water quality concern. Much of the current understanding of P dynamics in agricultural systems has been obtained from rainfall-driven runoff, and less is known about cold-season processes. An improved understanding of the magnitude, form, and transport flow paths of P losses from agricultural croplands year round, and the climatic drivers of these processes, is needed to prioritize and evaluate appropriate best management practices (BMPs) to protect soil-water quality in cold regions. This study examines multiyear, year-round, high-frequency edge-of-field P losses (soluble reactive P and total P [TP]) in overland flow and tile drainage from three croplands in southern Ontario, Canada. Annual and seasonal budgets for water, P, and estimates of field P budgets (including fertilizer inputs, crop uptake, and runoff ) were calculated for each site. Annual edge-of-field TP loads ranged from 0.18 to 1.93 kg ha −1 yr −1 (mean = 0.59 kg ha −1 yr −1 ) across the region, including years with fertilizer application. Tile drainage dominated runoff across sites, whereas the contribution of tiles and overland flow to P loss differed regionally, likely related to site-specific topography, soil type, and microclimate. The nongrowing season was the dominant period for runoff and P loss across sites, where TP loss during this period was often associated with overland flow during snowmelt. These results indicate that emphasis should be placed on BMPs that are effective during both the growing and nongrowing season in cold regions, but that the suitability of various BMPs may vary for different sites.• We conducted a multiyear, field-based study of edge-of-field runoff and P loss. • Tile drainage was the dominant pathway for runoff. • Contribution of tiles and overland flow to P loss differed regionally. • The nongrowing season was critical for edge-of-field runoff and P loss.

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“…Snowmelt and runoff over frozen or partially frozen soils are important, if not primary, processes for P transport in the northern watersheds, from the Chesapeake Bay to Lake Winnipeg. Indeed, runoff and P mobilization in the Lake Erie and Lake Winnipeg watersheds primarily occur throughout the nongrowing season (Macrae et al, 2007; Ford et al, 2018; King et al, 2018; Plach et al, 2019) and is most often dominated by spring snowmelt (Macrae et al, 2007), although large‐magnitude events can occur at other times of year, including the summer months (Macrae et al, 2010; Van Esbroeck et al, 2017). Mitigation strategies that are effective under rainfall‐dominated conditions during the growing season have not been successful during the winter period (Baulch et al, 2019; Kieta et al, 2018).…”

Section: Watershed Phosphorus Concerns Across Latitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Latitudes, Attitudes, and Platitudes of Watershed Phosphorus Management in North America

et al. 2019

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Phosphorus (P) plays a crucial role in agriculture as a primary fertilizer nutrient—and as a cause of the eutrophication of surface waters. Despite decades of efforts to keep P on agricultural fields and reduce losses to waterways, frequent algal blooms persist, triggering not only ecological disruption but also economic, social, and political consequences. We investigate historical and persistent factors affecting agricultural P mitigation in a transect of major watersheds across North America: Lake Winnipeg, Lake Erie, the Chesapeake Bay, and Lake Okeechobee/Everglades. These water bodies span 26 degrees of latitude, from the cold climate of central Canada to the subtropics of the southeastern United States. These water bodies and their associated watersheds have tracked trajectories of P mitigation that manifest remarkable similarities, and all have faced challenges in the application of science to agricultural management that continue to this day. An evolution of knowledge and experience in watershed P mitigation calls into question uniform solutions as well as efforts to transfer strategies from other arenas. As a result, there is a need to admit to shortcomings of past approaches, plotting a future for watershed P mitigation that accepts the sometimes two‐sided nature of Hennig Brandt's “Devil's Element.” Core Ideas North American P mitigation experiences spanning 26 degrees of latitude are explored. Uncertainty and lag times create schisms in mitigation programs. One‐size‐fits‐all approaches cannot account for management trade‐offs. Acknowledging shortcomings in messages and approaches is imperative to moving on. Unified P mitigation provides a framework and eliminates solution singularities.

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Surface and subsurface phosphorus export from agricultural fields during peak flow events over the nongrowing season in regions with cool, temperate climates

Cited by 33 publications

References 40 publications

Supply and Transport Limitations on Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Fields in the Lower Great Lakes Region, Canada

Supply and Transport Limitations on Phosphorus Losses from Agricultural Fields in the Lower Great Lakes Region, Canada

Agricultural Edge‐of‐Field Phosphorus Losses in Ontario, Canada: Importance of the Nongrowing Season in Cold Regions

The Latitudes, Attitudes, and Platitudes of Watershed Phosphorus Management in North America

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