Surface Areas of Clay Minerals as Derived from Measurements of Glycerol Retention

Diamond, Sidney

doi:10.1346/ccmn.1956.0050128

Cited by 69 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Many methods have been developed, including: the method of S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, and E. Teller (1938), commonly called the B.E.T. method, which relies on the adsorption of a vapor; the methods of Dyal and Hendricks (1950), Diamond and Kinter (1958), and Carter et al (1965) which rely on the adsorption of an organic solvent, namely, ethylene glycol, glycerol, and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME), respectively; and the method of Schofield (1949) which relies on the negative adsorption of anions. In recent years, the EGME method has gained precedence because it is relatively quick and does not suffer from some of the disadvantages associated with the other methods (see, e.g., Mortland and Kemper, 1965).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the Specific Surface Area of Clays by Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy

Mulla

Low

Roth

1985

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--The specific surface area, S, of a clay is commonly measured by the adsorption of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME); however, this method can be tedious and time consuming, especially if the clay is saturated with a monovalent, highly hydrated cation. An alternative method for measuring S was developed involving infrared internal reflectance spectroscopy. This method is based on the discovery that the ratio of R1, the reflectance of a clay-HOD mixture at the frequency of O-D stretching, to R2, the reflectance of the mixture at the frequency of H-O-D bending, is linearly related to S. The correlation coefficient between R~/R2 and S, as measured by the adsorption of EGME, was 0.995. Consequently, a calibration curve of R1/R2 versus S was constructed, and the measured values of R~/R2 for any clay-HOD mixture were referred to it for the determination of S. Results were obtained in triplicate in about an hour; hence, this method of determining S is more rapid and convenient than that involving the adsorption of EGME. Moreover, it applies to clays in a natural condition, i.e., swollen in water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of the Specific Surface Area of Clays by Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy

Mulla

Low

Roth

1985

Clays and clay miner.

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“…If, as claimed by Diamond and Kinter (1956), the ratio of external to total surface provides an indication of the thickness of the particles, we would be forced to conclude that the different clays had widely different particle thicknesses: The particles of the Cheto clay were thickest, that is, had the greatest stacking of layers, and the particles of the Belle Fourcke clay were thinnest. Figure 1 shows cumulative plots of the particle size distributions of the clays used in this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Internal and external surface areas were determined by the method of Diamond and Kinter (1956) and Kinter and Diamond (1956). Particle size distributions were determined by a centrifugation technique using an International No.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Gelation on the Properties of Water in Clay Systems

Leonard

1963

Clays clay miner. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Miner.)

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Particle size distributions in samples of Belle Fourche, Wyoming, Aberdeen, Utah, and Cheto bentonite were obtained by a centrifugation technique. From these distributions and the clay density the number of particles per gram was calculated for the different samples. Then the clays were mixed in different proportions with water and the clay concentrations required for thixotropy were determined. It was found that a smootli curve was obtained when the clay concentration required for thixotropy was plotted against the number of particles per gram of clay. A smooth curve was also obtained when the clay concentration at the upper plastic limit was plotted against the number of particles per gram of clay.In each suspension the water tension at the upper plastic limit was measured at several temperatures. From the resulting data, the relative partial molar free energy, entropy and heat content of the water were calculated. In all cases the values were negative, suggesting that the water in the suspension had more order than pure bulk water.When the water tension was measured in different suspensions of Aberdeen and Cheto bentonite it was found that the tension remained zero until the clay concentration was sufficient to allow gelation of the suspension. Thereafter, the tension increased rapidly with clay concentration. Consequently, it was concluded that the sol-gel transformation was accompanied by a change in the energy status of the included water. This conclusion was supported by reference to other investigations in which changes in water properties were noted on gelation.

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“…No specific surface determinations were performed. However, specific surface data on the < 2 # fraction of illite have been reported by Orchiston (1959), Diamond and Kinter (1958), and in the Cornell Reports (1949Reports ( -1951. The range was from 81 to 95 mZ/g.…”

Section: Experimental Void Ratio Vs Pressure Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 97%

Shear Strength and Consolidation Characteristics of Calcium and Magnesium Illite

Olson

1960

Clays clay miner. (Natl. Conf. Clays Clay Miner.)

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In recent soil mechanics litcrature attempts have been made to explain the engineering properties of clays in terms of surface chemical theories, particularly the Gouy-Chapman theory. Experimental confirmation of these theoretical predictions have been restricted almost exclusively to studies performed on fine grain size fractions of montmorillonitc. it seemed d~sirable to determine experimentally the effect of physico-chemieal variables on the engineering properties of a more typical engineering material. The < 2/t fraction of Fithian illite was selected.A study was made of the effect of variations in the pore water electrolyte concentration on the engineering properties of homoionie Ca-and Mg-illite. Pore water electrolyte concentrations ranged from 1 N down to about 10 -4 N. Engineering tests included Atterberg limits, one-dimensional consolidation tests, and effective stress triaxial tests.The electrolyte concentration was found to have only a small effect on the Atterberg limits, the maximum limits occurring at electrolyte concentrations between 0.01 N and 0.1 iN. For virgin consolidation the soil seemed strongest at about the same range in electrolyte concentrations but the effect was not large. Electrolyte concentration had almost no effect on the position of the rebound (swelling) curves. The most important effect of electrolyte concentration seemed to be its effect on the geometric arrangement of the particles tor samples that were sedimented from dilute suspension. The geometric arrangement of particles seems to be a more significant variable than the osmotic repulsion between particles.There still appears to be merit in the old mechanical approach where the compression characteristics are explained by elastic bending (reversible), slippage (partially reversible), and rupture (irreversible) of particles. Double layer phenomena seem to exert a much smaller influence on the engineering properites of nonexpanding lattice clay minerals than is commonly inferred in the literature.

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Surface Areas of Clay Minerals as Derived from Measurements of Glycerol Retention

Cited by 69 publications

References 19 publications

Measurement of the Specific Surface Area of Clays by Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy

Measurement of the Specific Surface Area of Clays by Internal Reflectance Spectroscopy

Effect of Gelation on the Properties of Water in Clay Systems

Shear Strength and Consolidation Characteristics of Calcium and Magnesium Illite

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