Surface-bulk core-level splitting in graphite

Balasubramanian, T.; Andersen, Jesper N; Walldén, L.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.64.205420

Cited by 81 publications

(89 citation statements)

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“…It was shown that the C1s photoemission line is a doublet with a bulk component situated 120 meV lower in binding energy than the surface component. 68 Recently Smith et al 69 resolved the surface to bulk core-level shift in HOPG using monochromated Al K a x rays with a total instrumental broadening of 0.42 eV. The value obtained for the shift in this work is 0.46 eV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Photoemission study of onionlike carbons produced by annealing nanodiamonds

et al. 2005

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Balasubramanian et al 68 measured C1s photoemission spectra of HOPG at several excitation energies between 300 and 350 eV in normal emission geometry with a resolution of 50 meV. The observed increase in Lorentzian width of the core level was explained in terms of the splitting of bulk and surface states in the spectra.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Photoemission study of onionlike carbons produced by annealing nanodiamonds

et al. 2005

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“…For the possible origin of these spectral changes, the effect of associated elementary excitation such as plasmons is discarded, since the peak position itself shifts, depending on the kinetic energy. The asymmetric line shape of the C 1s core level spectra obtained with soft x-ray excitation has been discussed in relation with semimetallic character of graphite, and can be fitted by the DoniachSunjic function [13,14,15,16]. This possibility can be also excluded for the same reason.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HOPG is a suitable material for study of the recoil effect because of the light atomic mass of carbon. Furthermore, reliable studies of surface-bulk core level shift of HOPG have already been established recently [13,14,15,16], providing a very suitable reference for this study. The experimentally obtained spectra in the present study confirm the surface core level shift.…”

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Recoil effects of photoelectrons in a solid

Takata

Kayanuma²,

Yabashi³

et al. 2007

Phys. Rev. B

106

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High energy resolution C 1s photoelectron spectra of graphite were measured at the excitation energy of 340, 870, 5950 and 7940eV using synchrotron radiation. On increasing the excitation energy, i.e., increasing kinetic energy of the photoelectron, the bulk origin C 1s peak position shifts to higher binding energies. This systematic shift is due to the kinetic energy loss of the high-energy photoelectron by kicking the atom, and is clear evidence of the recoil effect in photoelectron emission. It is also observed that the asymmetric broadening increases for the higher energy photoelectrons. All these recoil effects can be quantified in the same manner as the Mössbauer effect for γ-ray emission from nuclei embedded in crystals.PACS numbers: 79.60.-i, 79.20.-m, 79.20.-m Photoelectron spectroscopy is widely used for the study of electronic structure of solids [1]. The binding energy E B of the electron is often calculated from the photoelectron kinetic energy using the following equation:where E kin is the measured electron kinetic energy, hν is the photon energy for excitation, and φ is the work function. This procedure overlooked recoil effects, which lead to part of the kinetic energy being imparted to the emitting atom. As a result, the binding energy determined in this way is greater than the true binding energy. This effect is very small for vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray photoelectron spectra, so that recoil effects can be safely neglected. For photoelectrons with 1000 eV kinetic energy emitted from carbon atom, the recoil energy is estimated to be only ∼ 45 meV, although Kukk et al. succeeded recently to observe small deviation in spectral shape of vibronic lines in gaseous methane, which have been attributed to a recoil effect [2].The momentum transfer at recoil is a fundamental process observed in experiments of neutron and x-ray scattering [3], high-energy electron backscattering [4,5], etc. For photoelectron emission, Domcke and Cederbaum [6] predicted that the recoil effect can be observed as a spectral modification for gaseous molecules with light atoms. Quite recently, Fujikawa et al. [7] evaluated the amount of shift and broadening of core-level photoelectron spectra, as well as for electron backscattering, due to recoil effect in solids. It is noted that at keV energies, since the momentum of an electron is much larger than that of a photon of the same energy, and the transferred momentum is largely that of the emitted electron, it should be possible to detect recoil effects in photoelectron emission with keV energies.In the last few years, hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with the excitation energy of 6-8 keV has been realized using high brilliance synchrotron radiation [8,9,10], resulting in useful studies on semiconductors and correlated materials [11,12]. Since the achieved energy resolution is quite good (∆E < 80 meV), it gives us an opportunity to investigate recoil effects in a solid.In this study, we measured the C 1s core level photoelectron spectra of highly oriented p...

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Size and Confinement Effect on Nanostructures

Sun

2006

ChemInform

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Surface-bulk core-level splitting in graphite

Cited by 81 publications

References 11 publications

Photoemission study of onionlike carbons produced by annealing nanodiamonds

Photoemission study of onionlike carbons produced by annealing nanodiamonds

Recoil effects of photoelectrons in a solid

Size and Confinement Effect on Nanostructures

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