Surface characterization of a cross‐linked cytochrome c film on cysteamine‐modified gold electrodes

Abstract

The aim of the present paper is to characterize a cross-linked horse heart cytochrome c (HHC) film on cysteamine-modified gold electrodes. The HHC film was deposited using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) as a coupling agent. Attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopic analyses were performed to characterize the newly formed surface on a qualitative and conformational level. The film thickness was measured using a noncontact optical surface profiler, while quantitative data and information on the heterogeneity of the film were obtained by means of synchrotron radiation X-ray micro fluorescence (SR micro-XRF). Results indicate that, in addition to electrochemical studies, spectroscopic analysis methods are essential to gain insight in the effect of immobilization strategies on protein conformations. The latter is of relevance in the development and optimization of biosensors.

Atomic spectrometry update–X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

“…Therefore, the following papers caught the attention of your reviewer because the X-ray techniques adopted played a significant and/or novel role in the work. De Wael et al 449 presented work to characterise a cross-linked horse heart cytochrome c (HHC) film on cysteamine-modified gold electrodes. Quantitative data and information on the heterogeneity of the film were obtained by means of m-SRXRF to understand the effect of immobilisation strategies on protein conformations, leading to the development and optimisation of biosensors.…”

Combined electrochemical and microscopic study of porous enzymatic electrodes with direct electron transfer mechanism

“…Enzymes are protein structures having a size of several nm. 28 They have been visualized by different microscopic methods like atomic force microscopy (AFM) [29][30][31][32][33] scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (ESTM) 34 and uorescence microscopy (FM). 35 In the present work FM has been applied for studying the enzyme organization on conductive supports.…”