Surface charges, the heterogeneous lateral distribution of the two photosystems, and thylakoid stacking

Chow, Wah Soon; Miller, Celia; Anderson, Jan M.

doi:10.1016/s0005-2728(05)80085-4

Cited by 63 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Plants grown under PS I-or PS IIspecific light display stacking profiles equivalent to those observed at low or high irradiance, respectively ( Fig. 9; Chow et al, 1991). The aforementioned alterations in granum size and stacking are accompanied by changes in antennae size and in PS II/PS I stoichoimetries (Anderson et al, 1988).…”

Section: B Network Remodeling During Light Acclimationmentioning

confidence: 87%

Architecture of Thylakoid Membrane Networks

Nevo

Chuartzman

Tsabari

et al. 2009

Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration

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Section: B Network Remodeling During Light Acclimationmentioning

confidence: 87%

Architecture of Thylakoid Membrane Networks

Nevo

Chuartzman

Tsabari

et al. 2009

Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration

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“…The value of the surface charge density (s) obtained in experiments depends on the method used, but a reasonable value is 225 mC m 22 [26,27]. Thus, estimation of s in relation to growth irradiance, using the release of quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence on separately adding monovalent and divalent cations, and solving two simultaneous equations, yields average values for s in lettuce thylakoids that increased from 219 to 239 mC m 22 as the growth irradiance increased (table 1, taken from Davies et al [28]).…”

Section: Electrostatic Repulsion Between Thylakoids Modulates Granal mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using 9-aminoacridine þ , Kim et al [29] [26]. The lower magnitude of s in the Chl b-less mutants of Arabidopsis and barley is almost certainly due to the absence of LHCII, which carries net negative stroma-exposed charge.…”

Section: Electrostatic Repulsion Between Thylakoids Modulates Granal mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At 3.2 nm membrane separation (vertical line), the calculated van der Waals attraction is at least an order of magnitude too small to match the electrostatic repulsion. It seems unlikely that even if a higher protein volume fraction were assumed, the van der [26] Waals attraction will ever be large enough to match the electrostatic repulsion. Thus, we need to search elsewhere for the predominant component of the attractive force that brings about granal stacking.…”

Section: The Attractive Van Der Waals Force Is Vastly Exceeded By Elementioning

confidence: 99%

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Acclimation of leaves to low light produces large grana: the origin of the predominant attractive force at work

Jia

Liggins

Chow

2012

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Photosynthetic membrane sacs (thylakoids) of plants form granal stacks interconnected by nonstacked thylakoids, thereby being able to fine-tune (i) photosynthesis, (ii) photoprotection and (iii) acclimation to the environment. Growth in low light leads to the formation of large grana, which sometimes contain as many as 160 thylakoids. The net surface charge of thylakoid membranes is negative, even in low-light-grown plants; so an attractive force is required to overcome the electrostatic repulsion. The theoretical van der Waals attraction is, however, at least 20-fold too small to play the role. We determined the enthalpy change, in the spontaneous stacking of previously unstacked thylakoids in the dark on addition of Mg 2þ , to be zero or marginally positive (endothermic). The Gibbs free-energy change for the spontaneous process is necessarily negative, a requirement that can be met only by an increase in entropy for an endothermic process. We conclude that the dominant attractive force in thylakoid stacking is entropy-driven. Several mechanisms for increasing entropy upon stacking of thylakoid membranes in the dark, particularly in low-light plants, are discussed. In the light, which drives the chloroplast far away from equilibrium, granal stacking accelerates non-cyclic photophosphorylation, possibly enhancing the rate at which entropy is produced.

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“…This structural differentiation of thylakoids into appressed granal and nonappressed stromal lamellae is accompanied by functional differentiation . PSII and its associated integral membrane chlorophyll a/b-binding lightharvesting complex (LHCII) reside mainly in the grana membranes (Andersson and Anderson, 1980;Anderson and Andersson, 1982;Chow et al, 1991). PSI and ATP synthase are predominant in the stroma lamellae, and the cytochrome b 6 /f complex is evenly distributed between the two types of membranes (Miller and Staehelin, 1976;Allred and Staehelin, 1984).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The GDC1 Gene Encodes a Novel Ankyrin Domain-Containing Protein That Is Essential for Grana Formation in Arabidopsis

Cui

Jia²,

Yin³

et al. 2010

Plant Physiology

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In land-plant chloroplasts, the grana play multiple roles in photosynthesis, including the potential increase of photosynthetic capacity in light and enhancement of photochemical efficiency in shade. However, the molecular mechanisms of grana formation remain elusive. Here, we report a novel gene, Grana-Deficient Chloroplast1 (GDC1), required for chloroplast grana formation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In the chloroplast of knockout mutant gdc1-3, only stromal thylakoids were observed, and they could not stack together to form appressed grana. The mutant exhibited seedling lethality with pale green cotyledons and true leaves. Further blue native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that the trimeric forms of Light-Harvesting Complex II (LHCII) were scarcely detected in gdc1-3, confirming previous reports that the LHCII trimer is essential for grana formation. The Lhcb1 protein, the major component of the LHCIIb trimer, was substantially reduced, and another LHCIIb trimer component, Lhcb2, was slightly reduced in the gdc1-3 mutant, although their transcription levels were not altered in the mutant. This suggests that defective LHCII trimer formation in gdc1-3 is due to low amounts of Lhcb1 and Lhcb2. GDC1 encodes a chloroplast protein with an ankyrin domain within the carboxyl terminus. It was highly expressed in Arabidopsis green tissues, and its expression was induced by photosignaling pathways. Immunoblot analysis of the GDC1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein in 35S::GDC1-GFP transgenic plants with GFP antibody indicates that GDC1 is associated with an approximately 440-kD thylakoid protein complex instead of the LHCII trimer. This shows that GDC1 may play an indirect role in LHCII trimerization during grana formation.Photosynthesis is the primary process through which solar energy is converted into chemical energy of organic substances, which serves as the substrate and energy source for various biological events, not only in plants but also in animals. The process is carried out in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algal chloroplasts, and photosynthetic bacteria. The thylakoid membranes of land-plant chloroplasts have a remarkably complex structure and organization.

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Surface charges, the heterogeneous lateral distribution of the two photosystems, and thylakoid stacking

Cited by 63 publications

References 27 publications

Architecture of Thylakoid Membrane Networks

Architecture of Thylakoid Membrane Networks

Acclimation of leaves to low light produces large grana: the origin of the predominant attractive force at work

The GDC1 Gene Encodes a Novel Ankyrin Domain-Containing Protein That Is Essential for Grana Formation in Arabidopsis

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