Surface Chemical Characterization of Surface‐active Material in Seawater

Jarvis, N. L.; Garrett, William D.; Scheiman, M. A.; Timmons, C. O.

doi:10.4319/lo.1967.12.1.0088

Cited by 83 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The increased number of neustonic communities and resulting stratification and enrichment of materials within upper epilimnetic waters is well documented . Nutrients (Goering & Wallen 1967 ;Williams 1967 ;Nishizawa 1971), organic compounds (Rileyet al 1974 ;Garrett 1967 ;Jarvis et al 1967 ;Larsson et al 1974), phytoplankton (Gibson 1971 ;Hardy 1973 ;Gallagher 1975 ;Manzi et al 1977), and bacteria (Sieburth 1971 ;Tsyban 1971 ; Di Salvo 1 9 4 Ozaukee County, Wisconsin . For a more complete description of these ponds and Cedarburg Bog, see Danos (1980) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratification of microorganisms and nutrients in the surface microlayer of small freshwater ponds

1983

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Using two different surface microlayer sampling devices (the Harvey and Burzell glass plate and the Garrett screen), two microlayer fractions could be distinguished . The first was from 0 to 50 ym and the second was from 51 to 320 µm . Significantly different (p < 0 .05) concentrations of dissolved nutrients between the two microlayer fractions strongly suggests stratification within the surface microlayer . This apparent stratification is also examined for phototrophs, bacteria and other material found within the surface microlayer .

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratification of microorganisms and nutrients in the surface microlayer of small freshwater ponds

1983

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“…Numerous substances accumulate at the sea surface including lipids and hydrophilic or amphiphilic organic chemicals that exhibit a particularly strong interfacial affinity. The accumulation of organic matter, especially of organic compounds with tension-active properties, also causes a lowering of surface tension values [Jarvis et al, 1967]. Consequently, organic matter and contaminants are enriched in the SM as compared to corresponding subsurface water [Ewing, 1950 molecular-weight substances, and photochemical transformation [Carlson, 1993].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of wind speed and particulate matter source on surface microlayer characteristics and enrichment of organic matter in southern Chesapeake Bay

Liu¹,

Dickhut²

1998

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. Surface microlayer (SM) samples were collected with a rotating cylinder sampler from the York and Elizabeth River estuaries of lower Chesapeake Bay bimonthly from May 1994 through June 1995. Two intensive samplings were also conducted in the York River during different seasons: one in December 1994 and another during June 1995. Four SM samples were collected during each intensive sampling within 4 days. All the samples were analyzed for total suspended particulates (TSP), particulate nitrogen (PN), particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The thickness of the $M was observed to decrease linearly with increased wind speed. TSP and POC in the SM were found to be enriched up to 1000-fold over the corresponding subsurface water, and to be exponentially related with wind speed at sampling.Enrichment of DOC in the SM relative to subsurface bulk water was also observed at both sampling sites. Larger average POC/PN ratios and consistently smaller particle sizes were observed in the Elizabeth River compared with the York River, suggesting that the former is heavily influenced by atmospheric deposition, as well as urban and terrestrial runoff, whereas in situ production of particles dominates in the latter. No seasonal trends were observed in the SM characteristics with the exception of particle size fractions in the York River, which fluctuate seasonally presumably due to changes in the dominant phytoplankton species. TSP and POC concentrations in the SM can be described by a first-order wind-driven mixing model. Winddriven mixing of SM DOC was less apparent than for TSP and POC.

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“…This effect makes it possible to remotely detect meso-and submesoscale features such as fronts, (synoptic) eddies, trapped edge waves (Averbukh et al, 2014) or internal waves (Ermakov, 2010). As the interpretation of the remote sensing data crucially depends on the adequacy of the understanding of the effects created by surface films, the analysis of the physics and appearance of such effects has been in the focus of researchers for decades (Dorrestein, 1951;Jarvis et al, 1967;Barger et al, 1974;Ermakov et al, 1986;Frew and Nelson, 1992) and continues to be an important topic today (Ermakov, 2010). Moreover, such films, both anthropogenic and natural (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This parameter is often characterized in terms of surface pressure-area ( ) A π − isotherms (Frew and Nelson, 1992), equivalently, in terms of the dependence of the surface tension on the concentration of the surface active substances or the local thickness of the film. Research towards quantification of various properties of natural surface films had already started in the 1960s (Jarvis et al, 1967). The results reflect, among other features, the dependence of the elasticity of the film on the chemical properties of the film (Barger et al, 1974), concentration of organic substances in the subsurface microlayer (Frew and Nelson, 1992), and on the wind speed (Hühnerfuss et al, 1977), as well as hysteresis phenomena , elasticity (Demin et al, 1985), stress-relaxation analysis (Pogorzelski and Kogut, 2001), the analysis of the decay of ripples owing to the presence of various films (Ermakov et al, 1986), and methods of evaluation of ripple wave parameters (Fernandez et al, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical characteristics of coefficients of a cubic approximation of isotherms of surface active substance films

Averbukh¹,

Talipova²,

Kurkin³

et al. 2014

Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci.

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We explore possibilities for polynomial approximation of the isotherms (the dependence of the pressure, exerted by the film, on the concentration of the substance per unit area) of films of surface active substances in marine environment. The analysis is based on isotherms for samples from the nearshore of the Black Sea and the coasts of the USA. The isotherms are approximated using cubic polynomials. The constant term and the coefficients of this polynomial have a reasonable scatter: their average values are comparable with their standard deviation. The standard deviations of the coefficients at the quadratic and the cubic term exceed the relevant average values by two orders of magnitude. This property signals that it is evidently not possible to approximate the isotherms of surface active films using one universal polynomial function even for one location and that it is necessary to account for the described scatter in estimates of the properties and impact of surface films. We provide cumulative distributions of the coefficients of the cubic approximation for the use in probabilistic express models of properties of surface films in the marine environment.

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Surface Chemical Characterization of Surface‐active Material in Seawater

Cited by 83 publications

References 9 publications

Stratification of microorganisms and nutrients in the surface microlayer of small freshwater ponds

Stratification of microorganisms and nutrients in the surface microlayer of small freshwater ponds

Effects of wind speed and particulate matter source on surface microlayer characteristics and enrichment of organic matter in southern Chesapeake Bay

Statistical characteristics of coefficients of a cubic approximation of isotherms of surface active substance films

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