“…Adsorbed protein films have been characterised (Lhoest et al, 2001;Wagner et al, 2002a;Wagner et al, 2002b;Wagner et al, 2003a;Wagner et al, 2003b;Bernsmann et al, 2008;Tyler et al, 2011) and even conformational changes (Xia et al, 2002) and denaturation of proteins (Killian et al, 2011) can be detected with ToF-SIMS. Surface characterisations of extracellular matrix scaffolds (Canavan et al, 2007, Brown et al, 2010Barnes et al, 2011) and insulin and albumin coated surfaces have been published (Henry and Bertrand, 2009). In the field of microbiology, ToF-SIMS has been applied to imaging colonies of microbes (Tyler et al, 2006, Esquenazi et al, 2009, to characterise intact, individual bacterial spores in 3D (Ghosal et al, 2008) and to detect antibiotics within intact bacterial colony biofilms (Gasper et al, 2008).…”