“…There is the fifth peak from 291.5 eV which arises from - * electronic interactions of the graphene aromatic structure [24,25]. Meanwhile, oxygen reduction was also clearly observed during the functionalization process; thus, for G-PST sample (Figure 2(b)), the deconvoluted area of C-O groups decreased clearly while the signal of O-C=O is completely lost; also it can be noticed that the amount of C-C sp 3 species at 285 eV increased, indicating that the functionalization of G is mainly achieved via reaction with oxygenous groups, to form PST chains bonded covalently to G surface [26,27]. The attack of oxygen functional groups might stem from the fact that the C-O binding energy (351 kJ/mol) is lower than the C-C binding energy (368 kJ/mol) [28].…”