“…In general, in BTE, scaffolds should be osteogenic and could offer differentiation cues to accelerate bone progenitor cells or stem cells into osteogenic phenotypes (Moradi, Golchin, Hajishafieeha, & Khani, ). Stem cells are pluripotent, with the ability to self‐renew, which can differentiate them into diverse lineages, such as neuronal cells, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and osteoblasts (Lee, Lee, Jee, Sung, & Kadam, ). As demonstrated by numerous researchers, bone‐marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have become one of the most promising treatments for the improvement of osteoblast differentiation in BTE (Duan, Chen, Haque, Hayes, & Lopez, ).…”