Surface functionalization of MXenes

Mozafari, Mohammad Reza; Soroush, Masoud

doi:10.1039/d1ma00625h

Cited by 139 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 278 publications

(330 reference statements)

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“…The modification of targeted surface terminations can be achieved by chain effects produced by metal ions, such as ‐Cl terminations produced by etching the MAX precursors in molten MCl x salts, and ‐O terminations by treating MXenes in KOH solutions. [ 32 , 33 , 34 ] Furthermore, the transition metals in MXenes have many valence states, which provides many possible interactions with metal ions and can cause in‐plane defects, such as atomic vacancies and pores. While, from the perspective of metal ions, their interactions with MXenes can induce ion adsorption, anchoring, or in‐situ reduction, and can also form uniform active sites or nucleation sites for the production of MXene‐based metal composites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of Metal Ions in MXene Synthesis, Processing and Applications: A Perspective

Tao

Shang

et al. 2022

Advanced Science

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With a decade of effort, significant progress has been achieved in the synthesis, processing, and applications of MXenes. Metal ions play many crucial roles, such as in MXene delamination, structure regulation, surface modification, MXene composite construction, and even some unique applications. The different roles of metal ions are attributed to their many interactions with MXenes and the unique nature of MXenes, including their layered structure, surface chemistry, and the existence of multi‐valent transition metals. Interactions with metal ions are crucial for the energy storage of MXene electrodes, especially in metal ion batteries and supercapacitors with neutral electrolytes. This review aims to provide a good understanding of the interactions between metal ions and MXenes, including the classification and fundamental chemistry of their interactions, in order to achieve their more effective utilization and rational design. It also provides new perspectives on MXene evolution and exfoliation, which may suggest optimized synthesis strategies. In this respect, the different effects of metal ions on MXene synthesis and processing are clarified, and the corresponding mechanisms are elaborated. Research progress on the roles metal ions have in MXene applications is also introduced.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Roles of Metal Ions in MXene Synthesis, Processing and Applications: A Perspective

Tao

Shang

et al. 2022

Advanced Science

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“…As has been specified in the documented literature, one of the crucial challenging issues is the biodegradability aspects of the synthesized nanomaterials, affecting their long-term toxicity, adverse reactions, and their excretion from the body after fulfilling the purposed functions [ 58 , 66 , 67 ]. Nb 2 C MXene QDs with high photo- and chemical-stable fluorescence emission was fabricated via physicochemical exfoliation in tetrapropylammonium hydroxide deploying ultrasonic irradiation.…”

Section: Biomedical Advancementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, further evaluations are required for their surface modification or functionalization. Recent advances in optimal changes and surface functionalization of MXene-based nanostructures have also been discussed in detail [ 66 ]. It appears that due to the existing defects and difficulty in surface functionalization and control of size/morphology of MXenes in top-down synthesis strategies, investigations should be broadly geared towards a more coherent bottom-up methods with optimized and mild conditions.…”

Section: Challenges and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart MXene Quantum Dot-Based Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications

Iravani

Varma

2022

Nanomaterials

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MXene quantum dots (QDs), with their unique structural, optical, magnetic, and electronic characteristics, are promising contenders for various pharmaceutical and biomedical appliances including biological sensing/imaging, cancer diagnosis/therapy, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, delivery of drugs/genes, and analytical biochemistry. Although functionalized MXene QDs have demonstrated high biocompatibility, superb optical properties, and stability, several challenging issues pertaining to their long-term toxicity, histopathology, biodistribution, biodegradability, and photoluminescence properties are still awaiting systematic study (especially the move towards the practical and clinical phases from the pre-clinical/lab-scale discoveries). The up-scalable and optimized synthesis methods need to be developed not only for the MXene QD-based nanosystems but also for other smart platforms and hybrid nanocomposites encompassing MXenes with vast clinical and biomedical potentials. Enhancing the functionalization strategies, improvement of synthesis methods, cytotoxicity/biosafety evaluations, enriching the biomedical applications, and exploring additional MXene QDs are crucial aspects for developing the smart MXene QD-based nanosystems with improved features. Herein, recent developments concerning the biomedical applications of MXene QDs are underscored with emphasis on current trends and future prospects.

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“…The abundant stoichiometry and surface terminations of MXenes are associated with versatile and tuneable chemical and physical properties such as tailorable band gap, huge surface area, enhanced electrical and thermal conductivity, high capacity, noticeable hydrophilicity, decent compatibility with organic solvents, high elastic moduli, ability to intercalate ions, and very low optical attenuation. 5,19–21…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Chinese Chemical Society 2022 surface area, enhanced electrical and thermal conductivity, high capacity, noticeable hydrophilicity, decent compatibility with organic solvents, high elastic moduli, ability to intercalate ions, and very low optical attenuation. 5,[19][20][21] The general morphology of untreated MXene powder prepared through selective etching by acid shows 2D accordionlike multi-layered sheets. 10 Due to the presence of dissimilar crystal structures, MXenes can be observed in various mesoscopic morphologies and dimensions by changing the preparation methods and post-treatment processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%