Surface Micromorphology and Structure of Stainless and Maraging Steel Obtained via Selective Laser Melting: A Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study

Linderhof, Fredericus; Mashlan, M.; Doláková, Hana; Ingr, Tomáš; Ivanova, Tatiana

doi:10.3390/met11071028

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Finally, the fabricated parts were sandblasted to eliminate the hematite in the surface layers. The procedure is described in detail in [10].…”

Section: Fabrication Of Znfe 2 O 4 Covering Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This film protects iron from iron oxide formation like hematite. It has been shown that high-temperature phase transformations can lead to the loss of stainless steel's anti-corrosive properties [10]. For example, the commercial CL20ES austenitic steel loses its stainless properties at around 700 • C [11], where intercrystallite rusting appears.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, this type of steel is prone to surface oxidation during the 3D printing process. The surface metal oxides were detected even when the 3D printing process was carried out in an inert atmosphere [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Coatings on Austenitic Alloy Steel

Ochmann,

Machala,

Mašláň

et al. 2024

Materials

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The phase transition of austenitic stainless steel of commercial label CL20ES and zinc ferrite nanoparticles was studied in an oxidative atmosphere of dry air to develop a low-cost, effective technique for covering-layer fabrication. CL20ES powder and zinc ferrite powder were mechanically mixed. This mixture was studied in an atmosphere of dry air at different annealing temperatures from room temperature to 900∘C. The employed characterization techniques are X-ray powder diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy in the transmission geometry, and scanning electron microscopy with elemental mapping. The fabricated layers were also characterized by surface-specific techniques such as conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy and grazing incidence X-ray powder diffraction. The analyzed powder mixture shows resistance against oxidation in dry air and high temperatures. These results were employed to produce zinc ferrite covering layers on 3D-printed cylinders of CL20ES. The results show a predisposition of zinc ferrite to be recrystallized at temperatures above 350∘C without the production of corrosive substances on steel. The zinc ferrite layers were analyzed by an ultrasonic hardness tester as well, which proved the hardness enhancement.

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“…Finally, the fabricated parts were sandblasted to eliminate the hematite in the surface layers. The procedure is described in detail in [10].…”

Section: Fabrication Of Znfe 2 O 4 Covering Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Coatings on Austenitic Alloy Steel

Ochmann,

Machala,

Mašláň

et al. 2024

Materials

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Mössbauer study of thermal behavior of CL20ES and CL50WS steel powders used in selective laser melting

Ivanova,

Kořenek,

Mashlan

et al. 2023

Chem. Pap.

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The phase and structural changes of steel powders CL20ES and CL50WS used in additive manufacturing were studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Investigated powders were annealed in the temperature range 500 °C–1100 °C in oxidizing and inert atmosphere. Annealing in an oxidizing atmosphere resulted in the formation of different iron oxides in both steel powders depending on the annealing temperature. In addition, a phase change of ferrite to austenite was identified when annealing CL50WS steel powder in an oxidizing atmosphere. This phase change was confirmed by annealing given CL50WS steel powder in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The transformation of austenite to ferrite phase was observed only, when annealing CL20ES steel powder in an inert atmosphere at 1100 °C. Morphological changes on the surface of the spherical powders were observed by scanning electron microscopy.

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Using Mössbauer Spectroscopy to Evaluate the Influence of Heat Treatment on the Surface Characteristics of Additive Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel

Ivanova,

Kořenek,

Mashlan

2024

Materials

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The oxidation behaviour of iron-based 316L stainless steel was investigated in the temperature range of 700 to 1000 °C. The test specimens in the shape of plates were produced by selective laser melting. After fabrication, the samples were sandblasted and then annealed in air for different periods of time (0.5, 2, 8, 32 h). Under the influence of temperature and time, stainless steels tend to form an oxide layer. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive analysis, and X-ray diffraction were employed to analyse the composition of this layer. Notably, a thin oxide layer primarily composed of (Fe-Cr) formed on the surface due to temperature effects. In addition, with increasing temperature (up to 1000 °C), the oxide of the main alloying elements, specifically Mn2(Fe-Cr)O4, appeared alongside the Fe-Cr oxide. Furthermore, the samples were subjected to conversion X-ray (CXMS) and conversion electron (CEMS) Mössbauer spectroscopy. CXMS revealed a singlet with a decreasing Mössbauer effect based on the surface metal oxide thickness. CEMS revealed the presence of Fe3+ in the surface layer (0.3 µm). Moreover, an interesting phenomenon occurred at higher temperature levels due to the inhomogeneously thick surface metal oxide layer and the tangential direction of the Mössbauer radiation towards the electron detector.

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Surface Micromorphology and Structure of Stainless and Maraging Steel Obtained via Selective Laser Melting: A Mössbauer Spectroscopy Study

Cited by 5 publications

References 39 publications

Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Coatings on Austenitic Alloy Steel

Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticle Coatings on Austenitic Alloy Steel

Mössbauer study of thermal behavior of CL20ES and CL50WS steel powders used in selective laser melting

Using Mössbauer Spectroscopy to Evaluate the Influence of Heat Treatment on the Surface Characteristics of Additive Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel

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