A device that releases chemical compounds in small volumes and at multiple, well defined locations would be a powerful tool for clinical therapeutics and biological research. Many biomedical devices such as neurotransmitter-based prostheses or drug delivery devices require precise release of chemical compounds. Additionally, the ability to control chemical gradients will have applications in basic research such as studies of cell microenvironments, stem cell niches, metaplasia, or chemotaxis. We present such a device with repeatable delivery of chemical compounds at multiple locations on a chip surface. Using electroosmosis to drive flow through microfluidic channels, we pulse minute quantities of a bradykinin solution through four 5-m apertures onto PC12 cells and show stimulation of individual cells using a Ca 2؉ -sensitive fluorescent dye. We also present basic computational results with experimental verification of both fluid ejection and fluid withdrawal by imaging pH changes by using a fluorescent dye. This ''artificial synapse chip'' is a prototype neural interface that introduces a new paradigm for neural stimulation, with eventual application in treating macular degeneration and other neurological disorders. D evices that can repeatedly release chemical compounds in small volumes and at multiple locations would be powerful clinical and laboratory tools. Some clinical therapeutics such as implantable drug-delivery devices (1) and neurotransmitterbased neural prostheses (2, 3) require the controlled release of chemical compounds. However, many of the current devices have limited control or repeatability. In addition, basic research requiring control over chemical gradients, such as studies of cell microenvironments (4-6), stem cell niches (7,8), metaplasia (9), or chemotaxis (10-12), can benefit from a general chemicalrelease device. In these areas of study, the local cellular environment plays a significant role in function; a device that enables control over cellular microenvironments may prove to be a powerful research tool.In this article, we present such a device, with repeatable delivery of chemical compounds at multiple locations on a chip surface. The device consists of an array of four 5-m circular apertures, each connected to a microfluidic channel. Using electroosmosis to drive fluid flow, we show ejection of minute quantities of a bradykinin solution through these apertures onto PC12 cells; with a Ca 2ϩ -sensitive fluorescent dye, we measure stimulation of individual cells. In addition, we use a finite element model to derive basic computational results and provide experimental verification of both fluid ejection and fluid withdrawal through imaging pH changes of a fluorescent dye.We labeled our device an ''artificial synapse chip.'' We built the device for application to a neurotransmitter-based retinal prosthesis, a device that, in essence, mimics a synapse by controlled, repeatable release of neurotransmitters. The use of neurotransmitters for stimulation instead of electric fields provides...