Surface modification of tungsten carbide by electrical discharge coating (EDC) using a titanium powder suspension

A Review of Additive Mixed-Electric Discharge Machining: Current Status and Future Perspectives for Surface Modification of Biomedical Implants

“…It has been found that the implant with HA coating has enhanced the bioactivity and promotes the bone-tissue growth and osseointegration at a faster rate. Accordingly, numerous surface treatment/modification techniques like chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), iodization, and laser deposition Grade IV Ti/Ti Ti/3 & 6 g/L (i) TiO (ii) Recast layers (i) With 3 g/l microcracks observed and disappeared when using 6 g/l of Ti (ii) Recast layer thickness increases with increase in current duration and Ti powder concentration (iii) Hydrophilic surface good for dental implant was observed [86] Grade II Ti/Ti -(i) TiO (i) Dual surface topography with micron and submicron topographies sufficient for orthopedic and dental applications [87] AISI D2 steel/Ti Ti/2 g/L (i) TiC Ti-6Al-4V/Ti HA (i) HA (i) Moderate pulse-on current and pulse-on duration are possible settings that will produce material deposition [90] Grade IV Ti/Cu -(i) TiO 2 (ii) Nano TiH (i) A nanoporous, nanostructured and bioactive TiO 2 layer with short duration (ii) Improved biocompatibility was achieved [19] Fe-Al-Mn/Cu -(i) Recast layer (ii) Oxide layer (iii) k-carbide phase (i) Nanostructured recast layer was formed (ii) Increased biocompatibility [91] WC90-Co10/Cu Ti (i) TiC (i) Improved hardness with reduced microcracks [92] were used to improve the implant stability. However, typically, the coating techniques used for the surface treatment have a few key problems, (i) very thin coating layer and (ii) weak adhesion and bond strength with the substrate, which can deteriorate after some time due to acidic nature of body fluid, causing the implant failure.…”

Employing Ti nano-powder dielectric to enhance surface characteristics in electrical discharge machining of AISI D2 steel

“…Amongst all powder materials employed in both standard and advanced EDM systems, Ti powder has captured attention for surface modification purposes [16][17][18]. Following powder addition to dielectric, the dielectric's insulating strength is diminished by titanium conductivity, which leads to the occurrence of more frequent discharge [19].…”

Comparison Performances of EDM on Ti6Al4V with Two Graphite Grades

“…The hardness values at the top surface of the white layer are in the range of 720 HV to 800 HV. The hardness may belong to TiC which was generated from an electrode material and carbon from dielectric fluid [15]- [19]. Normally, there are three zones on the workpiece when discharge on a steel: The white layer is on the top layer follows Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and matrix [12], [13].…”