Hydrophobic substrates for surface-enhanced
Raman scattering (SERS)
of adsorbate species are of great interest in chemical analysis because
they can concentrate the analyte molecules in a small area of the
surface, thereby improving the SERS sensitivity. Here, we propose
a general strategy to fabricate hydrophobic paper-based substrates
for SERS applications. The paper substrates have been manufactured
by inkjet printing of aqueous emulsions containing Ag and polystyrene
(PS) colloidal nanoparticles. In a first stage, the SERS performance
of the substrates was optimized by varying the relative amounts of
polymer/metal colloidal nanoparticles, the number of printing layers,
and the degree of hydrophobicity of the substrates, using crystal
violet as a molecular probe, which is well known for its strong SERS
activity. In these conditions, the strongest surface Raman enhancement
was observed for the highest water contact angle (146°) achieved.
The selected Ag/PS-coated paper substrates showed wide applicability
for several analytes, but in this study, a detailed analysis is provided
for the pesticide thiram as a proof of concept. Several samples spiked
with thiram have been analyzed by SERS, giving a detection limit of
0.024 ppm thiram in mineral water and apple juice, while in apple
peel, the detection limit achieved for the same pesticide was 600
ng/cm2. We suggest that this one-step fabrication method
produces a hydrophobic coating whose nanoscale features improve the
SERS performance of the paper substrates.