Surface of lithium electrodes prepared in Ar + CO2 gas

Fujieda, Takuya; Yamamoto, Narihito; Saito, Kimio; Ishibashi, Toshio; Honjo, Mitsujiro; Koike, Shunsuke; Wakabayashi, Noboru; Higuchi, Shunichi

doi:10.1016/0378-7753(94)01961-4

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra (Figure S1a, Supporting Information) measured for the as‐received lithium foil for the C 1s region four peaks are identified. The main peak present at 289.9(5) eV is attributed to the presence of Li 2 CO 3 at the surface of the as‐received lithium foil originating from the gas treatment during the fabrication process . The peak at 288.4(5) eV is ascribed to the CO group in COOR followed by a peak at 286.4(5) eV assigned to the CCO group.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium‐Metal Foil Surface Modification: An Effective Method to Improve the Cycling Performance of Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Becking¹,

Gröbmeyer²,

Kolek³

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

166

160

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Although the lithium-metal anode has the advantages of both high gravimetric and volumetric capacities (3862 Ah kg −1 and 2085 Ah L −1 ) [13] and is already successfully used in primary batteries, it is still plagued by a series of issues that limit its successful operation in rechargeable applications, when organic solvent based electrolytes are used. [14] One of them is the nature of the lithium-metal dissolution and redeposition in the discharge and charge process together with the composition of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) [15,16] that is formed immediately after electrolyte addition and continues to form, grow and alter during cycling, [17] which limits the rechargeability in these battery systems and decreases their safety. [15,18,19] The SEI, though not being a homo geneous single phase, varies in composition and thickness and these differences lead to inhomogeneous and thus locally different current densities during the discharge and charge process, which can ultimately cause the formation of high surface area lithium (HSAL) during lithium deposition (charging) and hole/pit formation during dissolution (discharging). [20][21][22] In the worst case, the HSAL morphology takes the form of dendrites, i.e., small needle like lithium deposits that can grow through the separator from the anode towards the cathode. This process can lead to an internal short circuit of the cell resulting in local overheating and possibly cause a cell fire due to an increased reactivity with the electrolyte and the low melting point of lithium (180.54 °C). [23] Practical approaches to improve the rechargeable lithiummetal anode from the electrode material's point of view concentrate on either using coated lithium powder [24,25] or foil [26] and lithium with surface micropatterning. [27,28] The main underlying principle is increasing the specific surface area thus decreasing the effective current density and the resulting overpotential. However, the behavior of the lithium-metal electrode is quite complex and electrolyte-dependent [22,[29][30][31] and there is a need to identify the optimal conditions under which lithium-metal electrodes can cycle with both an increased reversibility and low overpotentials. [32] As-received lithium-metal foil contains several contaminants, [33] particularly on the surface. [34] In addition, even a new lithium foil that is considered to be smooth shows a non-negligible surface roughness that Lithium metal as an electrode material possesses a native surface film, which leads to a rough surface and this has a negative impact on the cycling behavior. A simple, fast, and reproducible technique is shown, which makes it possible to flatten and thin the native surface film of the lithium-metal anode. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images are presented to verify the success of the method and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements reveal that the chemical composition of the lithium surface is also changed. Furthermore, galvanostatic measurements indicate superior c...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium‐Metal Foil Surface Modification: An Effective Method to Improve the Cycling Performance of Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Becking¹,

Gröbmeyer²,

Kolek³

et al. 2017

Adv Materials Inter

166

160

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show abstract

“…Therefore, it has been used extensively to analyse changes in the surface morphology of Li metal during the deposition and stripping processes since the 1970s. 9,13,15,[46][47][48][49][50][51] The effects of solvents, 46,49,[52][53][54] salts, 47,48,55 additives [14][15][16]56,57 and other treatments 51,58,59 have been revealed directly from the SEM images. With SEM, the correlation between the surface chemistry and the morphology of Li electrodes was established, 47 and morphological transitions in the Li metal anode during cycling were clearly identied.…”

Section: Surface Morphology Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the XPS and FTIR data, Aurbach et al found that the major species on Li surfaces include Li 2 O, LiOH, LiF, Li 2 CO 3 , Li alkylcarbonate (RCOOLi), and hydrocarbons. 72 These techniques were also used to identify the effects of different electrolyte solvents, 49,76,77 Li salts 48,56 and additives 15,78 on the Li surface chemistry. Based on these data, not only the components but also the structural composition evolution of the SEI lms have been revealed.…”

Section: Surface Lm Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries

Wang

Ding

et al. 2014

Energy Environ. Sci.

4,038

2,972

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Lithium (Li) metal is an ideal anode material for rechargeable batteries due to its extremely high theoretical specific capacity (3860 mA h g À1 ), low density (0.59 g cm À3 ) and the lowest negative electrochemical potential (À3.040 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode). Unfortunately, uncontrollable dendritic Li growth and limited Coulombic efficiency during Li deposition/stripping inherent in these batteries have prevented their practical applications over the past 40 years. With the emergence of post-Li-ion batteries, safe and efficient operation of Li metal anodes has become an enabling technology which may determine the fate of several promising candidates for the next generation energy storage systems, including rechargeable Li-air batteries, Li-S batteries, and Li metal batteries which utilize intercalation compounds as cathodes. In this paper, various factors that affect the morphology and Coulombic efficiency of Li metal anodes have been analyzed. Technologies utilized to characterize the morphology of Li deposition and the results obtained by modelling of Li dendrite growth have also been reviewed.Finally, recent development and urgent need in this field are discussed.

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“…Therefore, it is necessary to obtain a SEI layer with high mechanical strength to suppress Li dendrites effectively. In general, the SEI films dominated by inorganic crystalline components such as Li 2 CO 3 (Fujieda et al, 1994 ; Shang et al, 2012 ), Li 2 O (Billone et al, 1986 ; Zhang et al, 2016 ), and LiF (Combes et al, 1951 ; Takehara, 1997 ) are strong in mechanical strength while those dominated by organic components such as lithium alkyl carbonates (ROCO 2 Li) are found to be porous and fragile with low shear modulus under 1 GPa (Stone et al, 2012 ; Karkera and Prakash, 2018 ). Theoretical predictions have shown that a solid film with elasticity modulus of 1 GPa should be sufficient in suppressing dendrites (Monroe and Newman, 2005 ; Stone et al, 2012 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Li2O-Reinforced Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Three-Dimensional Sponges for Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition

Shen

Yan

et al. 2018

Front. Chem.

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Lithium (Li) metal, with ultra-high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential, is the ultimate anode for next-generation Li metal batteries. However, the undesirable Li dendrite growth usually results in severe safety hazards and low Coulombic efficiency. In this work, we design a three-dimensional CuO@Cu submicron wire sponge current collector with high mechanical strength SEI layer dominated by Li2O during electrochemical reaction process. The 3D CuO@Cu current collector realizes an enhanced CE of above 91% for an ultrahigh current of 10 mA cm−2 after 100 cycles, and yields decent cycle stability at 5 C for the full cell. The exceptional performances of CuO@Cu submicron wire sponge current collector hold promise for further development of the next-generation metal-based batteries.

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Surface of lithium electrodes prepared in Ar + CO2 gas

Cited by 38 publications

References 11 publications

Lithium‐Metal Foil Surface Modification: An Effective Method to Improve the Cycling Performance of Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Lithium‐Metal Foil Surface Modification: An Effective Method to Improve the Cycling Performance of Lithium‐Metal Batteries

Lithium metal anodes for rechargeable batteries

Li2O-Reinforced Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Three-Dimensional Sponges for Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition

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