“…[19] Nanoparticles tend to aggregate because of their high surface energy.U sually,s urface capping by as urfactant on the surfaceo fn anoparticles can inhibit their agglomeration during storagea nd under mild reaction conditions. [20,21] However,i ti s difficult to protect nanoparticles from agglomerationu nder harsh reactionc onditions such as high temperature and pressure. To realize this target, nanoparticles should be protected by as tronger method by using ligands such as ionic liquids, [22,23] sulfhydryl compounds, [24,25] and carbonyl compounds, [26] between whicht here is af irm interaction or reaction effect.…”