The rapid development of DNA nanotechnology has enabled the precise bottom-up integration of metal nanoparticles (NPs) on a nanometer scale. The recent introduction of the DNA origami technique has facilitated even more complicated control of the positioning of not only 2 dimensional (D) but also 3D structures.
INTRODUCTIONAlthough top-down fabrications, such as photolithography and etching, have long driven advances in nanotechnology, they are now approaching their physical limits. Bottom-up fabrication techniques are expected to break through these limitations. However, these approaches cannot yet replace top-down techniques. Colloidal nanocrystals, including metals and semiconductors, exhibit distinctive properties not observed in the bulk state. Therefore, they are of particular interest for nanotechnology and nanoscience. For example, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) exhibit unique optical and electrical properties, such as surface plasmon resonance. 1,2 On the basis of their distinctive properties, metal NPs have been applied for biological sensing, diagnosis and other applications. 3,4 Moreover, as new properties not observed in the distributed state are expected to emerge in the organized states, 5 the precise arrangement of metal NPs in 1 dimensional (D) to 3D is one of the important technical objectives of bottom-up nanotechnology. 6,7 On the other hand, DNA is the ideal building block for the construction of self-organized nanostructures. A strand of DNA can specifically bind with its complementary counter strand by WatsonCrick base pairing to form a B-type double helix, which is most common for a pair of complementary DNA in nature and almost independent of their sequences. This fact is highly convenient for fabricating universal nanostructures, as each double helix consisting of various sequences of DNA has the same diameter and pitch. On the basis of this fact and other advantages, such as sequence programmability, reversible double helix formation and strand exchange, availability by automatic synthesis, the relative rigidity of the double helix, enzymatic scission and ligation ability, and easy amplification by a PCR, many DNA-based approaches to construct highly ordered or well-designed nanostructures have been reported. [8][9][10]