Surface Reconstruction for Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Li, Hui; Chang, Bohong; Lian, Wang; Wang, Zhongxiao; Pan, Lu; Wu, Yutong; Liu, Zhen; Yin, Longwei

doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.2c01624

Cited by 54 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Metal halide perovskites are regarded as revolutionary photovoltaic semiconductor materials, owing to their exceptional optoelectronic properties, including high light absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion lengths and lifetimes, excellent charge carrier mobility, and low-cost fabrication. − The single-junction lead halides perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.7% over the past decades. , Despite such a remarkable PCE, the toxicity of lead remains a severe issue for commercial applications of lead halide PSCs. THPs are considered the leading alternative to lead-free perovskites due to their appropriate bandgap, excellent charge mobility, and hot carriers with long lifetime and diffusion length. − However, due to the higher Lewis acidity of Sn 2+ than Pb 2+ , − THPs suffer from a faster crystal growth rate and easier formation of Sn vacancy defects during the process of solution film-forming, leading to uncontrollable growth of the THP film with poor morphology and rich defects . Thus, an insight understanding and rational regulation of crystalline nucleation and growth dynamics of THPs are of great significance to improving the photovoltaic properties of THP solar cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

Oriented Attachment of Tin Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

et al. 2023

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Tin halide perovskites (THPs) are hopeful replacements to toxic Pb-based perovskites in lead-free photovoltaic applications. Nevertheless, the underlying crystallization kinetics mechanism lacks exploration to inform the rational design of high-quality THP films for the fabrication of optoelectronic devices. Here, we reveal a crystal growth kinetic regime for oriented attachment growth of THPs. By introducing 2-phenoxyethylamine bromide (POEBr) to tune the surface energy of different facets of FASnI3 perovskite crystals, highly oriented FASnI3-POEBr perovskite films are obtained. The crystalline films with anisotropic properties can be rationalized through the crystal growth kinetics mechanism called “oriented attachment (OA)”, where two smaller nanocrystals with the same crystallographical orientation combine together to produce a larger nanocrystal. The OA growth kinetics is amenable to reducing the crystal growth rate and consequently allows the formation of dense, smooth, and oriented THP films with fewer defects, delivering an impressive efficiency of over 14%.

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confidence: 99%

Oriented Attachment of Tin Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

et al. 2023

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“…Compared with Sb 2 S 3 ‐control device, the decreased carrier lifetime of Sb 2 S 3 ‐0.2 device suggests that it has stronger carrier transport and extraction capacity. [ 39 ] In addition, the Sb 2 S 3 ‐control device has a significantly slower decay time, which suggests the recombination is more severe in Sb 2 S 3 ‐control device. Therefore, TAS study successfully interprets the enhanced device performance in Sb 2 S 3 ‐0.2 device.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Robust Hydrothermal Sulfuration Strategy toward Effective Defect Passivation Enabling 6.92% Efficiency Sb₂S₃ Solar Cells

et al. 2023

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Chalcogenide-based solar cells, such as Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se) 2 (CIGSSe), [1] CdTe, [2] Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe), [3,4] CuSb(S, Se) 2 , [5] NaSbS 2 , [6] AgBiS 2 , [7] SnS, [8] GeSe, [9] and Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 , [10,11] are emerging photovoltaic systems with great application potential. Currently, the record efficiencies of CIGSSe and CdTe photovoltaic devices are over 22%. [12] Furthermore, the certified efficiencies of CZTSSe [3] and Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 [13] solar cells have achieved ≥10% efficiencies. Besides, CZTS [14,15] and Sb 2 S 3 [16] have shown a bright application prospect because it does not contain the relatively rare and relatively expensive Se. In particular, it should be pointed out that Sb 2 S 3 solar cell has attracted extensive attention, due to its advantages of large absorption coefficient, suitable bandgap, earth-abundant, and nontoxic compositions. [17][18][19] However, the device performance of Sb 2 S 3 solar cell is still seriously limited by anion-vacancy-induced defects (i.e., V S and Sb S ) that make it obviously lower than the Sb 2 Se 3 or Sb 2 (S,Se) 3 photovoltaic devices. [20][21][22][23] Therefore, developing a mild, efficient, and low-cost method to suppress sulfur-vacancy-induced defects is an important solution to improve the device performances of Sb 2 S 3 solar cells.Currently, sulfuration is an efficient approach to passivate V S and Sb S defects of Sb 2 S 3 absorber layers due to its significant role in improving the content of S. There are five types of sulfur sources that have been reported to treat Sb 2 S 3 and CZTSSe absorber layers: elemental sulfur, [24] H 2 S, [25] thiourea (TU), [26,27] thioacetamide (TA), [28] and ammonium sulfide ((NH 4 ) 2 S). [29] Massspectrometric results have indicated that the presence of all possible S n molecules between S 2 and S 8 in measurable concentration between room temperature and the boiling point of sulfur (444.6 °C). [30] In addition, the highly active S 2 can only be guaranteed in large quantities at high temperatures, but Sb 2 S 3 cannot tolerate such annealing temperatures due to low melting point (550 °C), which makes it difficult to effectively passivate the defects in Sb 2 S 3 using elemental sulfur. At present, H 2 S sulfuration is the most efficient sulfuration method, but its high toxicity and corrosiveness greatly increase the complexity and danger. [25] Essentially, the sulfuration processes using TU, TA,

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“…This synthesis condition can potentially lead to a more facile Sn(II)-to-Sn(IV) conversion. Second, the phase stability of inorganic Sn–Pb perovskites is poorer than that of their hybrid counterparts, which can lower the energy barrier for the oxidation reaction to occur. , It is known that the oxidation of Sn(II) to Sn(IV) in ITLP films inevitably leads to the formation of structural defects and charge-carrier traps, in particular on the surface and near-surface regions of ITLP films. − These structural defects and charge-carrier traps may cause nonradiative recombination, inhibiting efficient carrier transport and injection across essential device interfaces. It can also create p-type doping on the top surface of the perovskite film, which adversely influences the energy level alignment in the PSC devices.…”

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Surface Sn(IV) Hydrolysis Improves Inorganic Sn–Pb Perovskite Solar Cells

Zhang

Gong

et al. 2023

ACS Energy Lett.

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Cesium tin–lead (Sn–Pb) perovskites are exceptional for their combined capabilities in unlocking ideal bandgaps for solar cells and mitigating the stability issue faced by their hybrid organic–inorganic counterparts. But the development of high-performance solar cells using these materials is retarded by their inherent high density of detrimental Sn(IV) defects. Herein, we demonstrate a sequential surface treatment method, which entails a Sn(II) halide treatment to displace the buried Sn(IV) ions underneath the film surface, followed by a H2O treatment to hydrolyze the displaced Sn(IV) ions. The surface treatment induces chemical and microstructural reconstructions that significantly improve the optoelectronic properties and stability of perovskites. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 16.79% and a T 90 stability of 958 h are achieved, topping all previously reported performance parameters for inorganic Sn–Pb PSCs. This achievement further shortens the performance gap between all-inorganic and hybrid organic–inorganic Sn–Pb PSCs with sub-1.4 eV bandgaps.

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Surface Reconstruction for Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 54 publications

References 61 publications

Oriented Attachment of Tin Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

Oriented Attachment of Tin Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

A Robust Hydrothermal Sulfuration Strategy toward Effective Defect Passivation Enabling 6.92% Efficiency Sb₂S₃ Solar Cells

Surface Sn(IV) Hydrolysis Improves Inorganic Sn–Pb Perovskite Solar Cells

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Surface Reconstruction for Tin-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

Cited by 54 publications

References 61 publications

Oriented Attachment of Tin Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

Oriented Attachment of Tin Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

A Robust Hydrothermal Sulfuration Strategy toward Effective Defect Passivation Enabling 6.92% Efficiency Sb2S3 Solar Cells

Surface Sn(IV) Hydrolysis Improves Inorganic Sn–Pb Perovskite Solar Cells

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A Robust Hydrothermal Sulfuration Strategy toward Effective Defect Passivation Enabling 6.92% Efficiency Sb₂S₃ Solar Cells