Surface Stone Movement and Scree Formation

Kirkby, M. J.; Statham, Ian

doi:10.1086/628097

Cited by 150 publications

(209 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The latter was done to investigate if there is a relationship between the size of the material on the slope surface, the radius of the falling rock and the energy loss during a rebound on the slope surface as described by Kirkby and Statham (1975).…”

Section: Real-size Rockfall Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dorren et al (2004) showed that the change of velocity after a rebound is mainly determined by the tangential coefficient of restitution and the slope angle at the rebound position. Both parameters are determined by the composition and size of the material covering the surface and the radius of the falling rock itself, since for larger rocks the effective surface roughness is lower than for smaller rocks, as shown by Kirkby and Statham (1975), and analogue to the principle of the slope variation coefficient used by, e.g. Pfeiffer and Bowen (1989), Spang and Krauter (2001) and Dorren et al (2004).…”

Section: Velocity Of the Falling Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Real-size experiments and 3-D simulation of rockfall on forested and non-forested slopes

Dorren

Berger²,

Putters³

2006

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

187

119

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Abstract. Only a few rockfall simulation models take into account the mitigating effect of existing forest cover. The objective of our study was to improve the generic rockfall simulation model RockyFor, which does take the effect of forest stands into account, thereby developing a clear method for quantifying and modelling slope surface characteristics based on quantitative field data. To obtain these data we carried out 218 real-size rockfall experiments on forested and non-forested sites on a mountain slope in the French Alps. On the basis of a polygon map representing different diameter classes of the material covering the slope, we determine the mean obstacle height (MOH) for each homogeneous unit at the experimental sites. We proposed an algorithm for calculating the tangential coefficient of restitution using the MOH. Comparing the simulated and observed data from the real-size rockfall experiments showed that the 3-D combined deterministic-probabilistic rockfall simulation model RockyFor accurately predicted rockfall events on a non-forested (Root Mean Square Error = 17%) and a forested site (Root Mean Square Error = 12%). We conclude that for further improvement of rockfall-forest simulation on different slope types more quantitative data is required on (1) the energy dissipative capacity of shrubs and bushes (e.g. in coppice stands), (2) the effect of the slope material, (3) the rock shape as well as the rock size, and (4) the tangential and normal coefficient of restitution. Based on the presented results we can state that the RockyFor model could contribute to better taking into account the mitigating effect of the existing forest cover when planning protective measures.

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Section: Real-size Rockfall Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Velocity Of the Falling Rockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-size experiments and 3-D simulation of rockfall on forested and non-forested slopes

Dorren

Berger²,

Putters³

2006

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

187

119

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“…Correspondence to: D. Schneuwly (dominique.schneuwly@unifr.ch) runout distances (Kirkby and Statham, 1975;Statham and Francis, 1986;Okura et al, 2000). Furthermore, there are a large number of studies on rockfall modeling (Guzzetti et al, 2002;Dorren et al, 2006;Stoffel et al, 2006b) or on long-term accretion rates of rockfall (Luckman and Fiske, 1995;McCarroll et al, 1998).…”

Section: Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

Tree-ring based reconstruction of the seasonal timing, major events and origin of rockfall on a case-study slope in the Swiss Alps

Schneuwly

Stoffel

2008

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Tree-ring analysis has been used to reconstruct 22 years of rockfall behavior on an active rockfall slope near Saas Balen (Swiss Alps). We analyzed 32 severely injured trees (L. decidua, P. abies and P. cembra) and investigated cross-sections of 154 wounds.The intra-annual position of callus tissue and of tangential rows of traumatic resin ducts was determined in order to reconstruct the seasonality of past rockfall events. Results indicate strong intra-and inter-annual variations of rockfall activity, with a peak (76%) observed in the dormant season (early October -end of May). Within the growth season, rockfall regularly occurs between the end of May and mid July (21.4%), whereas events later in the season appear to be quite rare (2.6%). Findings suggest that rockfall activity at the study site is driven by annual thawing processes and the circulation of melt water in preexisting fissures. Data also indicate that 43% of all rockfall events occurred in 1995, when two major precipitation events are recorded in nearby meteorological stations. Finally, data on impact angles are in very good agreement with the geomorphic situation in the field.

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“…There are many different models for study on rock-fall events in three main categories: (1) empirical models based on relationships between topographical factors and the length of the run out of rock-falls (e.g., Keylock and Domaas 1999), (2) process-based models that describe or simulate the modes of motion of falling rocks over slope surfaces (e.g., Kirkby and Statham 1975;Statham 1976;Hungr and Evans 1988;Pfeiffer and Bowen 1989;Kobayashi et al 1990), and (3) GIS-based models that are running within a GIS environment or they are raster-based models for which input data are provided by GIS analysis (e.g., Evans and Hungr 1993;Hegg and Kienholz 1995;Chau et al 2004). Little work was done on rock-fall susceptibility mapping based on GIS (e.g., Carrara et al 1995;Chung et al 1995;Guzzetti et al 1999;Suzen and Doyuran 2004a, b;Chau et al 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A GIS-based logistic regression model in rock-fall susceptibility mapping along a mountainous road: Salavat Abad case study, Kurdistan, Iran

et al. 2012

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This study describes the application of logistic regression to rock-fall susceptibility mapping along 11 km of a mountainous road on the Salavat Abad saddle, in southwest Kurdistan, Iran. To determine the factors influencing rock-falls, data layers of slope degree, slope aspect, slope curvature, elevation, distance to road, distance to fault, lithology, and land use were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. The results are shown as rock-fall susceptibility maps. A spatial database, which included 68 sites (34 rock-fall point cells with value of 1 and 34 no rock-fall point cells with value of 0) was developed and analyzed using a Geographic Information System, GIS. The results are shown as four classes of rock-fall susceptibility. In this study, distance to fault, lithology, slope curvature, slope degree, and distance to road were found to be the most important factors affecting rock-fall. It was concluded that about 76 % of the study area can be classified as having moderate and high susceptibility classes. Rock-fall point cells were used to verify results of the rock-fall susceptibility map using success curve rate and the area under the curve. The verification results showed that the area under the curve for rock-fall susceptibility map is 77.57 %. The results from this study demonstrated that the use of a logistic regression model within a GIS framework is useful and suitable for rock-fall susceptibility mapping. The rock-fall susceptibility map can be used to reduce susceptibility associated with rock-fall.

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Surface Stone Movement and Scree Formation

Cited by 150 publications

References 4 publications

Real-size experiments and 3-D simulation of rockfall on forested and non-forested slopes

Real-size experiments and 3-D simulation of rockfall on forested and non-forested slopes

Tree-ring based reconstruction of the seasonal timing, major events and origin of rockfall on a case-study slope in the Swiss Alps

A GIS-based logistic regression model in rock-fall susceptibility mapping along a mountainous road: Salavat Abad case study, Kurdistan, Iran

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