Surface structure concepts in the theory of homogeneous bubble nucleation

Kinetic study of droplet swelling in BOF steelmaking

“…Various explanations have been proposed. Early work by Levine 38,39 investigated the effect of the surface active elements, for example oxygen, which will decrease the surface tension and the work needed for the formation of an embryo inside the melt. However, even if oxygen decreases the surface tension from 1?6 to 1 Nm 21 , the calculated supersaturation pressure is still extremely high (25 000 atm).…”

A Model of Homogeneous Bubble Nucleation of CO Bubbles in Fe–C–O Melts

“…These supersaturation values are about five times higher than those with f L Å 1, which, however, approach the levels of supersaturation observed experimentally. Thus the bubble formation model of clustering process of activated molecules in solution with the electric double layer concept of Levine (5,6) reconciles the bubble nucleation in Fe-C-O melt system with high interfacial tension and the relatively low vapor pressure involved.…”

“…The electrostatic energy due to the dipole-dipole interacatoms of C and O do combine to become the activated complex (6). Consequently, the reaction rate is directly propor-tion by the adsorbed oxygen atoms may contribute to the stabilization of the cluster; the formation of a layer of chemitional to the vacant surface site, (1 0 u), where u is the fraction of sites covered by the oxygen atoms.…”

“…The number centration of oxygen atom can be obtained from the relation, density (N) and molecular mass (m) are for the dissolved r 2 0 G Å 1, provided that there are 4 nearest neighbors. Equa-atom species which control the reaction rate (6). In this tion [5] then becomes study we choose this species of atom which has a smaller concentration in melt.…”

“…[6] to be from the nucleation rate equation, Eq. [9], need not to be small due to the additional term, U s /kT.…”